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Earthquakes - Coggle Diagram
Earthquakes
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Vocabulary
Earthquake: The vibrations in the ground that result from movement along breaks in Earth's lithosphere.
Fault: A break in Earth's lithosphere where one block of rock moves toward, away from, or past each other.
Seismic Wave: The waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion.
Focus: A location inside Earth were rocks first move along the fault, and where seismic waves originate from.
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Primary waves (P-waves): Cause particles in the ground to move in a push-pull motion similar to a coiled spring.
Secondary wave (S-wave): Slower waves that cause particles to move up and down at right angles relative to the direction the wave travels.
Surface wave: Cause particles in the ground to move up and down in a rolling motion, similar to ocean waves.
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Seismometer: An instrument that measures and records ground motion, and can be used to determine the distance seismic waves travel.
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Mapping Earth's Interior
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Through extensive earthquake studies seismologists have discovered that the outer core is liquid, that both the inner and outer core are made out of mostly iron and nickel.
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This method uses the speeds and travel times of seismic waves to determine the distance to the earthquake epicenter from at least three different seismometers
First, determine the number of seconds between the arrival of the first P-wave and the first S-wave on the seismogram.
Next, use a graph showing the P-wave and S-wave lag time plotted against distance.
Finally, plot the distance on a map.
Seismic Waves
During an earthquake, a rapid release of energy along a fault produces seismic waves.
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Seismic waves transfer energy through the ground and produce the motion that you feel during an earthquake.
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Types of Seismic Waves
Surface waves: Cause particles to move in a rolling or elliptical motion in the same direction that waves travel, is the slowest seismic wave, and generally the wave that causes at Earth's siurface.
Secondary waves: Cause rock particles to vibrate perpendicular to the direction that waves travel, they only travel through solids, and are slower than P-waves, but faster than surface waves.
Primary waves: Cause rock particles to vibrate in the same direction they travel, are the fastest and first seismic wave to be detectes/recorded, and they travel through solids and liquids.
As seismic waves move away from the epicenter, they decrease in energy and intensity.
The further you are from an earthquake's epicenter, the less the ground moves.
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What are earthquakes?
Earthquakes are the vibrations in the ground that result from movement along breaks in Earth's lithosphere, which are called faults.
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If these forces become large enough, the blocks of rock on either side of the fault can move horizontally or vertically past each other.
The greater the force applied to a fault, the greater the chance of a large and destructive earth-quake.
Essential Questions
What is an earthquake? Earthquakes are the vibrations in the ground that result from movement along breaks in Earth's lithosphere.
How do scientists monitor earthquake activity?
Scientists can use three different scales to measure and describe earthquakes including The Richter magnitude scale, the moment magnitude scale, and The Modified Mercalli scale.
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