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TOPIC 40., 1.Are concious learners usually are aware of their use.
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TOPIC 40.
2.Typology:achievement strategies, reduction strategies and avoidance strategies.
1.Transfer from the L1.negative transfer from the native language resulting in utterances inappropriate + incorrect by native standards
2.Over-generalization.application of a rule of the target language to inappropriate target language forms or contexts
4.Over-elaboration.suppose that this strategy may be closely related to the character of the learning situation. Thus, an emphasis on the written language in the learning situation would likely lead to the production in speech of forms usually restricted to writing.
3.Pre-fabricated patterns.Occur only in the syntactic domain. The do-you pattern is a typical example, producing: “What do you doing?” for “What are you doing?”
5.Epenthesis or vowel insertion.Phonol.domain.The impossibility to produce unfamiliar consonant clusters in the target language, and in an attempt to produce them, he uses vowels between consonants
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9.Appeal for assitance.Either ask for the co-operation of a native speaker for the correct term, pronunciation, structure, or for help in solving a problem. Or they might venture a possible guess and then ask for verification
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Reduction strategies.Formal & Functional:attempts to do away with the problem and involve giving up part of the original communicative goal
Formal. it involves the avoidance of L2 rules of which the learner is not certain or which he/she cannot readily remember.
Functional.in order to avoid a problem in the execution of a phrase. It involves the learner avoiding certain speech acts or discourse functions or topics and replacing them for others. If the learner cannot express polite invitation say at the dinner table.
Avoidance strategies.
Topic. may take the form of either a change of topic or no verbal
response at all.The learner may avoid discussions of an abstract or theoretical nature due to a lack of the appropiate syntactic construc. or technical voc.
Semantic av.evades the comm. of contents by talking about related concepts which may presuppose the desired content. How often do you see your friends? I don't have friends.
Paraphrase or rewording of the sms by avoiding a more difficult construction.Within the lexical paraphrase, we may find 3 types.Use of a superordinate item instead of subordinate, word coinage (creation of non-exis. words) or circumlocution.
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1.Definition of communicative strategies.
It was coined by Selinker in his account of the processes responsible for interlanguage.
They are seen as attempts to bridge the gap between the linguistic knowledge of the L2 learner and the linguistic knowledge of the learner’s in real comum situations.Not restricted to L2 learning.
1.Are concious learners usually are aware of their use.
2.Problem-oriented bc are used when there's a lack of resources to express an intended meaning.