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Employee Relations & Motivation - Coggle Diagram
Employee Relations & Motivation
Content-based
Universal motives
Intrinsic
Need fulfillment
Basic needs theories
Maslow
Herzberg 2-factor theory
Modern theories
Social Exchange Theory
Self-determination theory (SDT)
3 psychological needs
Relatedness
Competence
Autonomous
Internalisation (EXTRINSIC!!)
Identification
Integration
Introjection
Predictors of motivation
Levels of individual causality
General causality orientations
impersonally oriented
control oriented
autonomy oriented
Context - work, the job
Supportive?
Controlling?
Amotivating?
Autonomous vs controlled
Autonomous includes intrinsic and well-internalised extrinsic
Controlled motivation
External
Introjected extrinsic motivation
Intentionality
Amotivation - no intentionality
Regulation
Internal
External
Value theories
Personality theories
Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET)
Justice motives
Trait-based
Personality motives
Big 5
Approach and avoidance
Achievement, power, affiliation
Orientation
towards promotion vs away from disaster
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
SDT
Context-based
Moved from extrinsic to internal
Hygienes. eg pay
Motivators, eg responsibility
Job Characteristic theory (Turner and Lawrence, 1965) Hackman and Oldham (1980)
key features of a job (i.e., skill variety, task identity, task
significance, autonomy, and feedback)
psychological pathways (i.e., meaningfulness of
work, experienced responsibility, and knowledge of results)
Group and team structure
Process-based
Goal choice
Hierarchy of goals
Lower goals, Proximal, eg exams
Distal, eg PhD
Expectancy theory
Vroom’s (1964)
Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy (VIE) theory
Porter & Lawler (1968) Expectancy theory
Planned behaviour
Ajzen’s (1991) theory of
planned behavior
Goal striving
Goal setting theory
External, eg set by boss
Requires internalisation
Locke and Latham's (1990)
Does not differentiate type of motivation
Self-regulation
Self-monitoring
Self-evaluation
Self-reactions
Self-efficacy
Intentions -> Self-efficacy -> action
Self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1986),
Action regulation theory - planning
(e.g., Frese & Sabini, 1991; Hacker, 1994)
Kanfer's task-specific motivation
Resource allocation
Proximal
Distal
Kanfer (1987; Kanfer & Ackerman, 1989, 2004)
Resource depletion
Equity theory
Addams (1963, 1965)
Conflicts
Goal choice vs Goal implementation
Who?
Between person - specific event/time, different people
Within person - specific person, different timeframes
implicit vs explicit
Persistence - how long do you continue with a task?
Incentives
Presence
Contingency
Engagement
Completion
Participation
Unrelated to task
History
Cognitive - Lewin (1936) and Tolman (1932)
Cybernetic approach (e.g., Miller, Galanter, and Pribram, 1960)
Expectancy-valence approach (e.g., Atkinson, 1964; Vroom, 1964