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Lesson 3 - Macromolecules - Coggle Diagram
Lesson 3 - Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
These are divided into 2 groups, sugars and polysaccharides.
he first being monosaccharides which is made up of pentoses (C5H10O5) or hexoses (C6H12O6).
The second is the disaccharides which have a formula of C11H22O11
Polymerization
Monosaccharides combine with the elimination of water to form disaccharides or polysaccharides.
condensation type polymerization.
Monomers are held together by a glyosidic linkage.
Starch is a polypeptide made up of two components.α-Amylose β-Amylose
Monosaccharides
Most important groups of the monosaccharides are the hexoses such as glucose and fructose.
They contain an aldehyde and a ketone group respectively and are referred to as aldoses and ketoses.
Both of these compounds are cyclic but when dissolved can exist as both as two cyclic and one noncyclic structures. This is known as mutarotation.
Glucose has 4 asymmetric C atoms and would have 24 -1 = 15 stereoisomers.
Proteins and Amino Acids
Proteins are made up of α amino acids which are joined together via the amino group of one acid and the carbonyl group of the next.
The CO-NH – is known as the peptide link.
The primary structure is the sequence of amino acid units in a peptide.
The secondary structures are when the chains are organized into regular structures called alpha helices or beta pleated sheets. Which are held together by hydrogen bonds.
The tertiary structure is the description of the whole chain folds itself into a 3-dimensional shape.
The number of interactions in tertiary structures is fewer compared to the secondary structure. These bonds are weak and are influenced by environmental conditions.
Genes are patterns of nucleotides in DNA and this pattern is transcribed on the mRNA (messenger RNA)which leaves the nucleus of the cell and attaches itself to ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
There another type of RNA called tRNA (transfer RNA)is brought into position with mRNA on the ribosome.
As this takes place, each amino acid is brought into its correct position in the chain to build the protein. This is known as translation.
Lipids
Fats, oils and waxes /ospholipids /Steroids
Lipids are compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but in different proportions to carbohydrates. Unlike carbohydrates lipids are insoluble in water.
Lipids are usually made up of one glycerol unit and three fatty acid units which combine to form a triglyceride.
Saturated fats – these are fats that have single bonds between the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain. Liquid fats are referred to as oils.
Unsaturated fats – these are fats or oils that contain double or triple bonds between the carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain. These types of fats or oils are often found in plants.
Trans fats are unsaturated fatty acids in a trans configuration (geometric isomers). These are unhealthy because they contribute to an increase in cholesterol level
Phospholipids and Cholesterol
Phospholipids are the main components of cell membrane.
They differ from triglycerides in that one of the fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbone is replaced by a phosphate group.
This creates a polar head (phosphate group) and a non-polar tail (glycerol + fatty acids).
Waxes are another type of lipid that are insoluble in water. The fact that they are insoluble makes them suitable for waterproofing.
Cholesterol is one of the chemicals used to make certain hormones such as the male and female sex hormones.
Genetic Material
Nucleic acids: the monomer units of these consist of 3 parts, a pentose sugar, a base (purine and pyrimidine) and a phosphate group. Nucleic acids are used in the construction of genetic material such as DNA and RNA.
DNA contains the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Whereas RNA has uracil instead of thymine.