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Chapter 13 Notes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The form of psychodynamic therapy
        developed by Sigmund Freud
    - - Patient would relax and talk about whatever came to mind, while the therapist would listen, ever avert for veiled references to unconscious needs and conflicts
    - - The Freudian technique of analyzing and interpreting the patient's relationship with the therapist, based on the assumption that his relationship mirrors unresolved conflicts in the patient's past
  - - - A humanistic approach to treatment developed by Carl Rogers, emphasizing an individual's tendency for healthy psychological growth through self-actualization
    - - Carl Rogers' technique of paraphrasing the clients' words, attempting to capture the emotional tone expressed
  - - - Beck believed that depression occurs because of negative self-talk
  - - - Groups that provide social support and an opportunity for sharing ideas about dealing with common problems. Such groups are typically organized and run by laypersons, rather than professional therapists
      - Example
        
        Alcoholics Anonymous
- - - - A form of desentization therapy in which the patient directly confronts the anxiety-provoking stimulus (as opposed to imagining the stimulus)
    - - Develop anxiety hierarchy
        
        practice relaxation
        
        associate relaxation with anxieties
  - - - An operant conditioning approach to changing behaviour by altering the consequences, especially rewards and punishments, of behavior
    - - An operant technique applied to groups, such as classrooms or mental hospitals wards, involving the distribution of "tokens" or other indicators of reinforcement conditioned on desired behaviours. The tokens can be later exchanged for privileges, food, or other reinforcers
  - - - A technique in which subjects receive indirect exposure by watching a film or video in which models deal with a feared situation
    - - Exposure to an imagined fearful stimulus
- - - - Identifying the Problem
      - Identifying the cause of the problem or the conditions that maintain the cause of the problem
      - Deciding on and carrying out some form of
        treatment
  - - - counseling psychologist
        
        Specialty
        
        Problems of normal living
      - clinical psychologist
        
        Specialty
        
        Those with severe disorders
      - psychiatrist
        
        Specialty
        
        Those with severe disorders (using drugs as treatment)
      - psychoanalyst
        
        Specialty
        
        Freudian Therapy
      - pastoral couselor
        
        Specialty
        
        Combines spiritual guidance with practical counseling
      - clinical (psychiatric) social workers
        
        Specialty
        
        Social worker that specializes in dealing with mental disorders
  - - - Therapies based on psychological principles (rather than on the biomedical approach) often called "psychotherapy
      - Biomedical Therapy
        
        Treatments that focus on altering the brain, especially with drugs, psychosurgery, or electroconvulsive therapy
- - - - Best course of action
        
        Drug therapy
        
        Psychotherapy
- - - - Sometimes listening is all a person needs
      - Active Listener
        
        A person who gives the speaker feedback in such forms such as nodding, paraphrasing, maintaining an expression that shows interest, and asking question for clarification
    - - Accepting the person and the problem as they are
      - Supressing emotions that would create a hostile climate for problem solving
    - - You can help by identifying other potential choices and exploring the consequences of each
      - Choice of action is up to the individual with the problem
- - - - The prescribed use of drugs to help treat symptoms of mental illness ostensibly to ensure that individual are more receptive to talk therapies
    - - After the introduction of these drugs, there was a steep decline in the amount of mental hospital patients
        
        Many people take drugs for a variety of mental health issues
    - - Medidicines that diminish psychotic symptoms, usually by their effect on the dopamine pathways in the brain
      - Unfortunately, long term administration of anti-psychotic drugs can have several negative side-effects
        
        Tardive Diskinesia
        
        An incurable disorder of motor control, especially involving muscles of the face and head, resulting from long-term use of antipsychotic drugs
    - - Several compounds that have revolutionized the treatment of depression and bipolar disorder
      - Neither antidepressants nor the mood stablizers can provide a cure, but nevertheless, made a huge difference in the lives of those suffering from mood disorders
      - Antidepressant drugs
        
        Medicines that affect depression, usually by their effect on the serotonin and/or norepinephrine pathways in the brain
      - Mood Stabilizers
        
        Lithium Carbonate
        
        A simple chemical compound that is highly effective in dampening the extreme mood wings of bipolar disorder
        
        In high concentrations, it is toxic
        
        Safe therapy requires that small doses be given to build up therapeuric concentrations in the blood over a period of a week or two
        
        Patients must have periodic blood analyses to ensure that lithium concentrations have not risen to dangerous levels
    - - A category of drugs that includes the barbiturates and benzodiazepines, drugs that diminish feelings of anxiety
      - Work by sedating user
        
        If used over long periods, these drugs can be physically and psychologically addicting
      - Medicines should not be taken to relieve anxieties that are part of the ordinary stresses of everyday life
      - When used for extreme anxiety, these drugs should not normally be taken for more than a few days at a time
        
        Dosage should be gradually reduced by a therapist
      - They can impair one's ability to drive, operate machinery, or perform other tasks that require alertness
      - Cannot be used in combination with alcohol or with sleeping pills
    - - Drugs that normally increase activity level by encouraging communication among neurons in the brain. Stimulants, however, have been found to supress activity level in people with ADHD
      - ADHD/Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
        
        A common problem in children who have difficulty controlling their behaviour and focusing their attention
      - Use of stimulants to treat ADHD has generated controversy
    - - According to neuroscientist Elliot Valenstein, a close look behind the scenes of drug therapy raises important questions
        
        Valenstein believes that much of the wide acceptance of drug therapy is because drug companies have invested lots of money into marketing their products
  - - - The general term of surgical intervention in the brain to treat psychological disorders
    - - Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
        
        A treatment used primarily for depression and invoving the application of an electric current to the head, producing a generalized seizure. Sometimes called shock treatment
        
        Some people fear that ECT might be abused to silence dissent or punish patients who are uncooperative
        
        Transcranial magnetic stimulation
        
        A treatment that involves magnetic stimulation of specific regions of the brain. Unlike ECT, TMS does not produce a seizure
  - - - Jones' term for a program of treating mental disorder by making the institutional environment supportive and humane for patients
    - - Deinstitutionalization
        
        The policy of removing patients, whenever possible, from mental hospitals
        
        Deinstitutionalization put mental health patients back into the community but without accurate resources for community treatment
      - Community Mental Health movement
        
        An effort to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to provide therapy from outpatient clinics. Proponents of community mental health envisioned that recovering patients could live with their families, in foster care, or in group homes
- - - - Therapy is more effective than no therapy
      - Eysenck had overestimated the influence of the control groups
  - - - Chronic pain
      - Anorexia
      - Bulimia
      - Agoraphobia
      - Depression