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Energy Metabolism and Respiration - Coggle Diagram
Energy Metabolism and Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Substrate- level Phosphorylation
1) A molecule of ATP makes glucose 6- phosphate
2) Another molecule break that down to fructose 1,6- biphosphate
3) Oxidation occurs
4) 3- phosphoglyceraldehyde becomes NADH
5) Now energetic enough to transfer a phosphate group onto an ADP
6) Returning it to ATP and repeating process
Pyruvate
Pyruvate is the first converted to acetaldehyde
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Can be used for a monomer for many types of synthesis
CAN be used in many synthetic pathways
Embden- Meyerhoff Pathway
Reactions run in opposite directions
Environmental and internal factors
Temperature
Shoots located in air are more susceptible to temperature change, nearly 20 degrees
In most tissues, an increase of about 10 degrees increases the rate of respiration
Below 5 degrees, respiration decreases greatly
Above 30 degrees respiration increases, but not as fast as it would at 25 degrees
Then at 40 degrees, respiration slows down a great deal, because oxygen cannot be diffused at the speed that the tissue needs it.
Lack of Oxygen
During the daylight hours, plants produce oxygen, but do not during the night, it can be stored in the intercellular spaces, but only if the oxygen can diffuse through the closed stomata.
Oxygen availability is more of a problem for the roots;
Well- drained soil= good oxygen
the large quantity of gas located in soil particles is depleted in oxygen
During/ After rain= no oxygen
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soil air is displaced by water, and roots either have hypoxia or anoxia
Aerobic Respiration
Electron Transport Chain
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NADH diffuses into mitochondrial membrane and passes electrons to a protein with FMN
FMN is reduced and NADH is oxidized into NAD+, which then migrates back to the citric acid cycle
FNMH2 passes the e- to proteinaceous electron carriers
That is then passes to one of several quinones, one of which is coenzyme Q
NADH Shuttle
NADH cannot cross the mitochondrial membrane as it too big
Instead a series of reactions weakens the membranes power
NADH powers the conversion of oxaloacetatete malate
Malate is converted to aspertate and transported out of the membrane to repeat the process again
The Citric Acid Cycle
Pyruvate is transported from the cystol to the mitochondrial matrix.
Electrons are transferred to NAD+ and COO- is made to CO2
Producing CO2, NADH, and acetyl
The acetyl is the attached to CoA, making Acetyl CoA
Like pyruvate acetyl CoA Can be used in many synthetic pathways
Transfer the acetyl group to oxaloacetate, which is the made to be citrate (six carbon compound)
Citrate is then rearranged into cis- aconitate that is then transformed into isocitrate
Heat- Generating Respiration
While the plants are undergoing these cycles, they release the "lost" energy as heat
The plants that give out the most efficient heat, do not pump protons in the electron transport chain
However, there is no proton gradient and no chemiosmotic production of ATP
When cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide are present, electrons cannot pass from cytochrome c to oxygen
Total Energy Yield of Respiration
Citric Acid Cycle, each original molecule of glucose yields two ,molecules of ATP, six of NADH, and two of FADH2
Aerobic respiration, yields 2 ATPs directly; in addition, the two NADHs can be transported to the mitochondria to make more ATPs
Anaerobic glycolysis- four molecules of ATP must be synthesized , where as either one or two ATPs must be used to initiate the process
Pentose phosphate pathway- yields two NADPH
