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Research Methods - Coggle Diagram
Research Methods
Experiments
Experimental Method
Aims are stated, hypothesis states relationship between IV and DV
Two or more levels of IV manipulated by experimenter, effect measured on operationalised DV
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Controlling Variables
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Internal validity is enhanced by control of confounding variables and high mundane realism
External validity is if it can be generalised to other situations
Hypotheses
Directional hypotheses states direction of difference
Non-directional hypothesis does not state direction
If there is past research in stem, state direction
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Natural vs Quasi
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Quasi-experiment means that the IV is not variable, such as age, and is therefore "not a real experiment"
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Sampling
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Random Sample - Use a random technique, e.g. lottery method
Stratified Sample - Identify relevant subgroups and select appropiate proportion from each (Ideal method)
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Types of Data
Quantitative Data - Numerical, e.g. measuring dependent variable
Qualitative Data - Can't be directly counted, non-numerical, gives more information
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Ethics
Ethical Issus
Informed consent, deception, right to withdraw, confidentiality, protection from harm, privacy
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Self-Report
Self-Report Techniques
Questionnaire - Data collected through written, fixed quesitons
Structured Interview - Questionnaire delivered face-to-face or over phone, in real-time
Unstructured Questionnaire - May start with some predetermined questions and further questions developed in response to answers given
Self-Report Design
Clarity of questions, bias, analysis
Recording intervies, Effect of interviewer, Questioning skills in unstructured interview
Observations
Observational Techniques
Naturalistic Observation - Everything is left as it is normally, in an everyday setting
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Overt Observation - Participants are aware that they are being observed, not aware during a covert observation
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Observational Design
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Behavioural Categories - Target behaviour divided into individual bhaviours that can be clearly identified
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