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Hebrews, Paul:
to get Hebrews included in Cannon...
Paul received…
Hebrews
Old Testament
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God's character does not change.
The law still shows us God's heart; what holiness looks like; how He wants us to behave; just because Jesus is our salvation doesn't mean God no longer desires us to pursue righteousness.
- Romans 6:15 "What then? Should we sin because we are not under law but under grace? By no means!"
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1 Peter 2:9 "But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God’s own people..."
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Author(s):
- Jewish
- Greek
- Smart
- Church Father Origen: "only God knows"
- 1st Cannon did not include Hebrews (b/c unclear authorship)
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Priscilla & Aquilla
- plural author pronouns sometimes
- woman authorship might be why name of author wasn't included (to increase credibility)
- coworkers with Paul (tentmakers & church planters)
- know how to accurately explain the Way of God to Jews
- Hellenistic Jews
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Apostasy
Examples of not being separated from the love of God:
- Peter: denied Christ 3 times; minister to the Jews
- Adam & Eve: God still walked & talked with them after they ate from the tree of knowledge of good & evil
Examples of impossible re-repentance:
- Satan & other angels fell from Heaven
- Pharaoh's heart hardened after 10 warnings
OR
- Jewish Christians (first 5 books of OT memorized)
- Established (yet immature 5:12) Church
- In need of receiving 5 Warnings
- 2nd hand recipients of Gospel (2:3)
- Likely outside Jerusalem b/c Septuigant
- Hellenistic (Greek Speaking Jews)
- Generous & Compassionate (6:10 & 10:34)
- V Persecuted (10:32-33) but not to the point of death (12:4)
- Part of Pauline circle (b/c Timothy)
- Could be Pharisees, Saducees, or Essenes (due to level of argumentation around priesthood)
- Could be in Palestine or in Italy -- 13:24 "those from Italy greet you" could mean Author is in Italy OR Church is in Italy (Diaspora; Hellenistic; 2nd hand recipients; persecuted) & those from their church who are with the author say hello
- Hard to understand Jesus as God or the Messiah b/c they were expecting a conquering King to give them power & land
DATING (54-64AD)
- 30AD: Pentacost
- Founding of the Roman church
49 AD: Emperor Claudius kicked all Jews out of Rome
- no distinction b/t Jews & Christian Jews
54 AD: Nero allows Jews to return
56-57 AD: Paul writes Romans (to a well established church)
60-63 AD: Paul in Rome (in prison)
64 AD: Nero burns down Rome & falsely blames the Christians. Extreme persecution begins
70 AD: Temple destroyed in Jerusalem
95 AD: quoted by church father Clement in Rome
97 AD: Timothy dies
Structure: Old Covenant, New Covenant, Warning5 Warnings:
- 2:1-4 Don't drift away from the Gospel
- 3:7-19 Don't turn from God with an unbelieving, hardened heart
- 5:11 - 6:12 Don't fall away
- 10:19-39 Don't persist in sin
- 12:14-29 Don't miss the new Zion
This > That
- 1:4 Jesus's name > prophets names
- 1:5-14 the Son > the angels
Paul:
- to get Hebrews included in Cannon...
- Paul received Gospel 1st hand from Jesus; (2:3) author is a 2nd hand recipient
- 169 unique Greek words used in Hebrews found nowhere else in NT
- No mention of Gentiles; Paul called to Gentiles
- Doesn't follow Paul's writing style