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Solutions and Solubility - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Solvent(s)
        
        Which are
        
        The substance(s) that does the dissolving and are in greater quantities
        
        Which is
        
        NOT always water
        
        For example
        
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      - Solute(s)
        
        Which are
        
        The substance(s) being dissolved and are in lesser quantities
        
        Which can be
        
        Ionic compounds
        
        Which dissolve because
        
        Water is a polar covalent compound, so the slightly negatively and positively charged parts of the water molecule can interact with the charges on the ions in the crystal lattice of ionic compounds.
        
        For example
        
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        But
        
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        So if an ionic compound can dissolve
        
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        Covalent compounds
        
        If they mix
        
        Easily
        
        It is called
        
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        Not easily
        
        It is called
        
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        Which are usually
        
        Covalent compounds with small polar molecules
    - - A type of mixture
        
        Classified as a
        
        Homogeneous mixture
        
        Which appear as
        
        1 phase
    - - Concentrated
        
        Which is
        
        A solution that has a relatively large amount of solute
        
        Which can be expressed using
        
        Molarity
        
        Which is calculated by the equation
        
        c = n / V
        
        Where
        
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        Which is
        
        Moles per litre (mol/L)
        
        or abbreviated to
        
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        Percentage concentrations
        
        Which can be
        
        Percentage weight/volume (% w/v)
        
        Where
        
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        Percentage weight/weight (% w/w)
        
        Percentage volume/volume (% v/v)
        
        Which is used for
        
        Consumer products
        
        "Parts per" million, billion, trillion (ppm, ppb, ppt)
        
        Which is used for
        
        Extremely low concentrations
        
        Which is a special case of
        
        Where
        
        1 ppm = 1 mg/1 000 000 g
        
        OR
        
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        1 ppb = 1 mg/1000 L
        
        1 ppt = 1 mg /1 000 000 L
      - Diluted
        
        Which is
        
        The process of decreasing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent
        
        Which can be
        
        Calculated using the equation
        
        c1v1 = c2v2
        
        Where
        
        v1 = the starting volume
        
        c2 = the final concentration
        
        c1 = the starting concentration
        
        v2 = the final volume
        
        Done in a lab using
        
        Volumetric flasks and volumetric pipetes
    - - Aqueous
        
        Meaning water is the
    - - The ability to measure solubility
        
        Using
        
        Solubility curves
        
        Which is
        
        A line graph showing how much of a substance (g) can dissolve per 100 mL of water at a certain temperature
        
        Which can show if a solution is
        
        Saturated
        
        Meaning
        
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        Super-saturated
        
        Meaning
        
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        Unsaturated
        
        Meaning
        
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- - - - Reactions happen between different ions
    - - Total ionic equations
        
        Which is
        
        A chemical equation in which all highly soluble compounds are written as dissociated ions
        
        For example
        
        Ba²⁺₍ₐq₎ + 2 Cl⁻₍ₐq₎ + 2 Na⁺₍ₐq₎ + SO₄²⁻₍ₐq₎ --> BaSO₄₍ₛ₎ + 2 Na⁺₍ₐq₎ + 2 Cl⁻₍ₐq₎
        
        Cl and Na are the same on both sides (aqueous ions), so they are called spectator ions
        
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      - Net ionic equations
        
        Which is
        
        A chemical equation that includes only the entities that react during the reaction.
        
        For example
        
        Ba²⁺₍ₐq₎ + SO₄²⁻₍ₐq₎ --> BaSO₄₍ₛ₎
      - Formula equations
        
        Which is
        
        A chemical equation in which all compounds are presented by their chemical formulas
        
        For example
        
        BaCl₂₍ₐq₎ + Na₂SO₄₍ₐq₎ –> BaSO₄₍ₛ₎ + 2 NaCl₍ₐq₎
        
        Which can be used in
        
        Solution stoichiometry
        
        Which is
        
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- - - - pH <7
      - Feel like water
      - Tasting sour
      - Turn blue litmus RED
    - - A compound that ionizes to produce hydrogen ions in water
        
        Which means
        
        Uncharged entities become charged
    - - Which can be
        
        Strong
        
        Meaning
        
        It completely ionizes in water (low pH and very reactive)
        
        Weak
        
        Meaning
        
        It only partially ionizes in water (moderate pH and mild reactivity)
    - - The pH scale
        
        Which is a
        
        Logarithmic scale
        
        Meaning
        
        1 pH unit represents a tenfold (10x) change in how acidic or basic a solution is
  - - - Slippery like soap
      - pH >7
      - Taste bitter
      - Turn red litmus BLUE
    - - A compound that dissociates into cations and hydroxide ions in water
        
        Which means
        
        Water molecules pull the cations and anions of an ionic compound apart
    - - Which can react with each other in a
        
        Neutralization reaction
        
        For example
        
        HCl₍ₐq₎ + NaOH₍ₛ₎ --> H₂O₍ₗ₎ + NaCl₍ₐq₎
        
        Because
        
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        Which is used in a process called
        
        Titration
        
        Which is used to
        
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        Which involves
        
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