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Chapter 22/23: An Age of Nationalism and Realism, National State - Coggle…

- - - - Russia vs. Ottoman Empire, Great Britain, and France (balance of power, French offended)
        
        Britain didn't want Russia to have land in Ottoman Empire or Dardanelles
      - Austrians neutral even though Russia had their back (not in best interest)
    - - Treaty of Paris (1856): Russia lost
    - - Florence Nightingale improved sanitary conditions, made nursing a profession for middle-class women
- - - - Northern Italy had been taken over by nationalists and joined Piedmont
- - - - Prussia seen in a new light
  - - - Reorganized gov., blamed liberals for decline of constitutional gov., ignored parliament
    - - Austria and Prussia divided land = Bismarck could create friction w/ Austria and isolate them
    - - Liberals voted in favor b/c they were won over by his military power
    - - Nationalism and authoritarian gov. combined, used nationalism to gain support from liberals and prevent gov. reform
    - - Had universal male suffrage b/c believed peasants and artisans were conservative at heart and could overcome liberals
  - - - Prince Leopold (distant relative of William I) withdrew candidacy and French wanted apology and promise never again
      - Bismarck received a French telegram of their request and edited it to insult the French = French declared war
    - - Germany merged into Prussia
      - Triumph of authoritarian, militaristic values over liberal, constitutional sentiment
- - - - Hungary ruled by military, Catholic state church controlled education
    - - Ausgleich or Compromise created Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
      - Each part of empire had constitution, bicameral legislature, governmental machinery, and capital
      - Hungary became independent, Austrians and Hungarians dominated minorities
      - Against liberalism
  - - - Serfs given land, but had to pay it back to mir(village commune) = subject to mir = no freedom
      - Given bad land
    - - Elected members and levied taxes
      - Never expanded into national parliament
      - Equality under law succeeded
    - - Peasant village commune could serve as self-governing body = populism movement
      - Wanted to create new society based on peasants' revolutionary acts
      - Vera Zasulich advocated for violence to counteract violent repression
        
        Inspired radical group, People's Will to assassinate Alexander II
  - - - Liberal parliamentary system + political representation for industrial middle class = stable social and political reforms
    - - Benjamin Disraeli (Tory leader) wanted to win enfranchised groups = lowered voting requirements (ended up benefiting liberals)
      - Extension of voting rights = Liberal and Conservative parties discipline intensified, rivalry grew
      - William Gladstone (leader of Whigs) civil service positions given through exams not patronage, public education
  - - - South formed Confederate States of America
    - - Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed slavery to be determined by popular sovereignty
      - Created new Republican party (antislavery)
    - - Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation freed most slaves
  - - - Fueled by immigrants
- - - - Humans not unique, moral values?, eliminate purpose and design of universe, animalistic
  - - - Franz Liszt introduced modern piano recital, sacred music, symphonic poem
      - Richard Wagner transformed opera into "music drama" in Gesamtkunstwerk
- - - - Constitution solidified republic France's Third Republic
  - - - Kulturkampf: attack on Catholic Church
    - - Social Democratic Party still grew
  - - - Opposition grew