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Documenting Sources in APA Style, Nicole Chacon - Coggle Diagram
Documenting Sources in APA Style
Documenting sources in APA atyle
APA recommends in-text citations that refer readers to a list of references.
An in-text citation gives the author of the
source, the year of publication, and
often a page number in parentheses
At the end of the paper,
a list of references provides publication information about the source; the list is alphabetized by authors’ last names.
APA in-text citations
Two or more works in the same parentheses
Put the works in the same order that they appear in the reference list, separated with semicolons.
(Berkowitz et al.,
2003; McDuffie et al., 2002).
Multiple citations to the same work in one paragraph
when
You give the author’s name in the text of your paper (not in parentheses) and you mention that source again in the text of the same paragraph
Give only the author’s name, not the date, in the
later citation.
Any subsequent reference in the same paragraph
is in parentheses
Include both the author and the date in the
parentheses.
Two or more works by the same author in the same year
Use lowercase letters (“a,” “b,” and so on) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use those same letters with the year in
the in-text citation.
Research by Durgin (2003b) has...
Web source
Cite sources from the Web as you would cite any other source, giving the author and the year when they are available. Example: Atkinson (2001)
No page numbers
Include paragraph numbers or headings to help
readers locate the passage being cited.
(Hall, 2012, para.5).
Unknown author
Mention the title of the source in a signal phrase or give the fi rst word or two of the title in parentheses
Unknown date
use the
abbreviation “n.d.” (for “no date”).
Authors with the same last name
Use initials with the last names in your in-text citations.
Research by E. Smith (1989) revealed that. . . .
One 2012 study contradicted . . . (R. Smith, p. 234).
Organization as author
name the organization in the signal phrase or in the parentheses the first time you cite the source.
If your source is an organization with a familiar abbreviation, in the first citation write the entire name, and use the abbreviation alone in later citations.
1st citation: (Food and drugs Administration [FDA], 2012) Later citations: (FDA,2012)
Work with unknown autho
r
Mention the work’s title in the signal phrase or give the first word or two of the title in the parentheses if the author is unknown.
Titles of short works such as articles are put in quotation marks
Titles of long works such as
books and reports are italicized.
(“Television,” 2002).
If an author is specified "Anonymous", treat it is as a real name: (Anonymous, 2001).
Work with six or more authors
Use the fi rst author’s name
followed by “et al.” in the signal phrase or in parentheses.
Work with three to five authors
Identify all authors in the
signal phrase or in parentheses the fi rst time you cite the source.
In subsequent citations, use the fi rst author’s name followed by
“et al.” in either the signal phrase or the parentheses.
Work ith two authors
Name both authors in a signal phrase or parentheses each time you cite.
Basic format for a summary or a paraphrase
Include the author´s last name and the year in a signal phrase introducing the material or in parentheses following it.
Basic format for quotation
Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author’s last
name followed by the year of publication in parentheses.
Page number ("p") after the quotation.
An entire Web site
Give the URL in the text of your paper but do not include it in the reference list.
Multivolume work
Add the volume number in parentheses with the page number.
Personal communication
Interviews that you conduct, letters, e-mail messages, social media posts, and similar communications that would be difficult for your readers to retrieve should be cited in the text only, not in the reference list.
Course materials
Cite as you would the appropriate source for instance, an article, a section in a Web document, or a video.
Part of a source
Identify the
element in parentheses. Don’t abbreviate terms such as “Figure,” “Chapter,” and “Section”; “page” is always abbreviated “p.”
Indirect source (source quoted in another source)
Begin the parenthetical citation with the words “as cited in.”
Sacred or classical text
Identify the text, the version or
edition you used, and the relevant part. It is
not necessary to include the source in the reference list.
APA List of References
The information you will need for the reference list at the end of your paper will differ slightly for some sources, but the main principles apply to all sources:
You should identify an author, a creator, or a producer, give a title, and provide the date on which the source was produced.
Some sources will require page numbers; some will require a publisher; and some will require retrieval information.
When you cite sources, your goals are to:
Show that the sources you’ve used are reliable and relevant to your work.
Provide your readers with enough information so that they can fi nd your sources easily.
Provide that information in a consistent way according to APA conventions.
General guidelines for listing authors
Authors and dates
With two or more authors, use an ampersand (&) before the last author’s name. Separate the names with commas.
Include names for the first seven authors; if there are eight or more authors, give the first six authors, three ellipsis dots, and the last author.
If the author is a company or an organization, give the name in normal order.
Put the last name first, followed by a comma;
Use initials for the first and middle names.
Put the date of publication immediately after the first element of the citation.
Enclose the date in parentheses, followed by a
period.
Alphabetize entries in the list of references by authors’ last names;
If a work has no author, alphabetize it by its title
For books, give the year of publication.
For magazines, newspapers, and newsletters, give the exact date as in the publication
Titles
Use no italics or quotation marks for the titles of articles
Italicize the titles and subtitles of books, journals, and other long works.
For books and articles, capitalize only the fi rst word of the title and subtitle and all proper nouns.
For the titles of journals, magazines, and newspapers, capitalize all words of four letters or more
Place of publication and publisher
Take the information about a book from its title page and copyright page.
If more than one place of publication is listed, use
only the first.
Give the city and country for all non-US cities; include the province for Canadian cities.
Do not abbreviate the country and
province.
Do not give a state if the publisher’s name includes it.
In publishers’ names, omit terms such as “Company” (or “Co.”) and “Inc.” but keep “Books” and “Press.”
Omit first names or initials.
If the publisher is the same as the author, use the word “Author” in the publisher position.
Give the city and state for all US cities. Use postal abbreviations for all states.
Volume, issue, and page numbers
For a journal or a magazine, give only the volume number if the publication is paginated continuously through each volume;
Give the volume and issue numbers if each issue begins on page 1.
Italicize the volume number and put the issue number, not italicized, in parentheses.
For monthly magazines, give the year and the month; for weekly magazines, add the day.
For daily and weekly newspapers, give the month, day, and year; use “p.” or “pp.” before page numbers
For journals and magazines, do not add “p.” or “pp.”
When an article appears on consecutive pages, provide the range of pages.
When an article does not appear on consecutive pages, give all page numbers: A1, A17.
URLs, DOIs, and other retrieval information
For articles and books from the Web, use the DOI
If the source has one, and do not give a URL
If a source does not have a DOI, give the URL.
Use a retrieval date for a Web source only if the content is likely to change.
Most of the examples in 61b do not show a retrieval
date because the content of the sources is stable.
If you are unsure about whether to use a retrieval date, include the date or consult your instructor.
Nicole Chacon
Nicole Espinoza
Paulo Morales
Paul Piedra