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1 Hijra/622 CE, Ottoman Empire
14th-20th C
image, Sasanid Empire 632 CE…
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Ottoman Empire
14th-20th C
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Conquered Constantinople in 1453, essentially ending the Byzantine's power
Clashes with the Austrians, Safavids, and Russians checked the Ottomans military power, causing the empire to begin declining in the 1500's
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Sasanid Empire 632 CE
Byzantine Empire 522 CE
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Muslim Territorial Expansion 622-750
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Syria, Egypt, Iraq, and Part of Iran brought into Islam under 'Umar (2nd caliph)
After infighting between 'Ali and Mu'awiya, Mu'awiya took power and spread the empire into northwest Iran and the Maghreb
The Abbasid [Caliphate]
Lasted from 750 to 1258, overthrown by the Mongols
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Aisha
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Mughal Empire
16th - 19th C
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Earliest Written Qurans
(Ma‘il Wuran shown between 700-799 CE)
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Muhammad
Born in 570, born into the Hashemite clan of the Quraysh. Orphaned at the age of six, destined to be a prophet by a Christian hermit. He had a reputation for honesty.
Spiritual realization during 610, 615 moved to Ethiopia and welcomed by a Christian leader. 619, Muhammad's uncle, his protector, died and Muhammad lost a lot of support
In 622, Muhammad and his followers fled persecution. From Mecca to Medina. 642, they raid a Meccan caravan, they won and God fought for them. 627, the Meccans got revenge, advanced on Medina
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Ummayad Dynasty
from the death of Muhammad to 750 OR from the first fitna to 750
With the 5th caliph (Mu’awiya) who took charge after the first fitna (antecedents of contemporary Sunnis)
the succession of leadership became hereditary instead of chosen by religious counsel of those close to Muhammad
The Ummayad’s were opposed because they sought to exert a lot of centralized governing power, they were also criticized for nepotistic and elitist rule
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Archangel Jibrail (Gabriel)
Mecca
Medina
Arabian Pennisula prior to Islam
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