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GERMANY EXPANSION - The of Nazism on German foreign policy: the origins,…

- - - - Humans do not differ from animals, and also need to fight for survival. (Darwin's Origin of Species)
        
        War is natural and allows the strongest individuals to rise while leading the weak to perish - Nazis believed Aryans would need to fight to get rid of the inferior blood
    - - Lebensraum = the right of the Aryan race to acquire space for itself
    - - Aryan Germans were forbidden from
        having any relationship with Jews
      - Only Aryans could become German citizens with full rights
      - Jews had already been oppressed earlier in Europe, but they were now gaining new opportunities (through industrialisation) By the end of the century, anti-Semitic feelings were strongly revived
  - - - Führerprinzip, belief in a permanent leader - weaker men need a strong one to lead them
  - - - Still, early Nazism embraced socialism, demanding nationalised industries. This changed radically as the NSDAP aimed for more power, having to appeal to businesses and the middle class
  - - - Austria's Pan-German Nationalist Party (founded by Georg Ritter von Schönerer) fought against this and was a great inspiration to Hitler
        
        Von Schöner referred to himself as Führer and used the 'heil' greeting, which Hitler later adopted
    - - The swastika was first used as a right-wing symbol in Austria, long before Hitler adopted it
- - - - Germany to solely take the blame for the war (the War Guilt Clause)
      - Heavily restricted military
        
        No air force
        
        Number of troops limited to 100,000 men
        
        Navy to be strictly restricted
      - Germany to give up all its colonies
      - Large amounts of war reparations
      - Germany had to give a "corridor" to Poland, divided Germany in two
      - Rhineland demilitarized, Saar to France for 15 years, Alsace-Lorraine to France, Danzig was made a Free City
      - Other territory from eastern Germany given to Poland
- - - - Britain felt sympathy towards Germany and wanted to avoid another war
  - - - Germans were afraid of communism and feared that a USSR-style revolution would also happen in Germany
      - The Soviet Union was under the Bolsheviks communist rule - Hitler loathed communism
        
        Hitler was convinced the Bolsheviks were Jews
- - - - As people did not have regular wages, they started supporting extremist parties that promised that they held the key to future prosperity
    - - Prices doubled every few days
    - - Hitler blamed the Jews for the failing economy, as there was a small proportion of successful business owners
      - During Hitler's rule, no debt payments were made, which enabled German economy to finally start recovering
      - Nazis were able to secure their place, as their economic plans saw success
  - - - Defying the French trade, yet continuing to pay German workers by printing money
        
        Further hyperinflation; middle class suffers
    - - As the Versailles Treaty forced Germany to give up territory to Belgium, Czechoslovakia and Poland, return Alsace and Lorraine to France and cede all of its overseas colonies in China, Pacific and Africa to the Allied nations, they had lost substantial economic prospects. This slowed down industry and rebuilding.
        
        Germany lost 13% of its territory
        
        Ethnic German's are left outside of the country
    - - Germany suffered large numbers of unemployment after the war
        
        By 1932, unemployment was at 30%
      - Returning soldiers couldn't find work
        
        This meant that they couldn't recover to normal life, which further contributed to feelings of hate and resentment
    - - There were transportation projects, modernization of power plants and gas works
        
        These were used to battle unemployment
      - Social spending was increasing at a high rate
        
        In 1913, 20.5 marks were spent on one resident.
        
        In 1925, social spending per resident was 65 marks
        
        In 1929, it was over 100 marks per resident
      - However, revenues were going down due to tarriffs and cuts in taxes. This combined with the increasing social spending lead to deficits.
        
        The people in charge failed in creating order to budgets
        
        Without the tarriffs, German exports could've enabled Geramany to pay back loans
  - - - German war reparation payments frozen for two years
      - Loans for Germany from the USA
        
        The Young Plan of 1929 giving even further loans
      - Repayments demanded by the Treaty of Versailles were scaled down
      - This lead Germany to a place in which they were dependant on foreign power
      - The Dawes plan was made in 1924
      - There was a lack of domestic investment, which lead to the government seeking loans from the USA
    - - There was a lack of economic development
  - - - This led to hyperinflation
        
        This meant that prices were increasing rapidly, even at 50% per month
        
        Lots of losses in savings, which hit middle-class families. This lead to lasting damage
        
        By November 1922, 42 billion marks were worth the equilevant of one American cent
        
        Money became worthless, as wheelbarrows full of money could not buy a loaf of bread
        
        Food shortages were common as firms could not afford to pay farmers
- - - - Best troops were destroyed
      - Morale was in the low
      - Spanish influenza breaks out 1918
      - Ludendorff believed that war would be lost by the spring of 1919
      - Strikes
      - Political unrest
      - Mutiny of Kiel sailors
      - Allied blockade and food shortages
    - - Less severe terms if they gave up
      - Armistice could also preserve the reputation of the army.
      - Ludendorff hands power to the government of Prince Max of Baden. Negotiations for armistice ensue, but are only accepted if the Kaiser is removed from power.
    - - "The Dolchstosslegende" / "Stab in the back" legend
      - "The November Criminals" are to blame for the unjust armistice
  - - - Wilson introducing 14 point program wanted to build a lasting, just system for international relations that would be upheld by the League of Nations .
      - Clemenceau wanted Germany to pay for damages and to weaken them.
      - Lloyd George wanted to preserve naval supremacy and enlarge the empire. Was still more lenient than France.
  - - - Embraced nationalist and conservative group's idea of DIKTAT - end of war without consultation and signed by the "November criminals"
      - The surrender was seen as putting huge efforts in vein.
      - Casualties had in Hitler's opinion been for nothing.
      - Hitler becomes involved in politics due to his disgust at the result of the war. After being an intelligence agent, he soon becomes the leader of the German Worker's Party.
        
        He renames the party: the National Socialist German Worker's Party (NSDAP) and adopts the Swastika as a symbol.
        
        The party supported militarism, authoritarianism, nationalism, Social Darwinism. They hated socialism, communism and trade unions
        
        The Sturmabteilung (SA) Stormtroopers established as paramilitary troops
        
        Led by Ernst Röhm
      - In his time in prison, Hitler finalized his ideology and wrote it in his book, Mein Kampf ("My battle") in 1923
        
        Gross Deutschland (Pan-Germany) to unify German minorities in Austria, Czechoslovakia and Poland under New Greater Germany
        
        Winning living space "Lebensraum" from east in war for the Aryan race
        
        Pure superior German Aryan race with robust muscular power and first class intellect
        
        Dispossessing Slavs, Russians, Ukrainians, Poles and other INFERIOR races (Untermenschen) and nations
        
        Ideas of natural law of selection and the survival of the fittest from Social Darvinism
        
        Natural enemies and allies