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Economic Change: Birmingham - Coggle Diagram
Economic Change: Birmingham
Characteristics of Birmingham in the 1950s and 1960s:
Socio-economic:
60% of males had skilled jobs
Unemployment was below 1%
Industries:
Metals = 50%
Transport = 5.7%
Textiles = 2.5%
Professions = 4.4%
Public utilities/government = 4.5%
Commerce = 12%
Agriculture + mining = 1.5%
Miscellaneous = 19.4%
Demography:
White British
Employment was mainly male White British
Cultural:
Bull Ring shopping centre ( first in Europe)
Environmental:
Inner city areas = poor quality housing + high density eg. Aston
Industrial activity left canals/rivers polluted
Economic changes that took place in the second half of the twentieth century (industrial decline and recent regeneration):
Earnings fell from being the highest to almost the lowest of any region (1970-1983)
Traditional industries suffered from over seas competition from TNCs (lower production cost)
eg. oil (Saudi Arabia)
eg. car production (Japan)
Transition to retail and service industries
Student numbers increasing
19% unemployment rate (1982)
House building program - more jobs available
New public spaces built eg. Victoria Square + airport
1992 Birmingham Heartlands Development Corporation - redeveloped old industrial areas
1999 broadband in the inner city + training programmes
The role of players who have influenced changes in the second half of the twentieth century:
Local Government:
Sub standard living was built (100,000 homes, 400 tower blocks) - post war effort to rebuild demolished houses
National/Local Government:
Created the green belt - increased land value
Foreign TNCs:
Japanese car companies:
More reliable, better value for money
Birmingham suffered from over seas competition
Saudi Arabian oil:
Saudi Arabia used their oil supply as a 'weapon'
Birmingham suffered from over seas competition
Unions:
Strikes were frequent
Brought about change - less unemployment
The impact of economic changes on the people and place of Birmingham in the second half of twentieth century:
Socio-economic:
Growing tertiary sector
Immigrants tended to cluster in areas of cheap buildings where they could access low skilled employment
Demography:
International in-migration in inner city (1950s) onwards
2011 ethnic composition = Caribbean (4.4%) South Asian (19.5%) Far East (5.6%)
Relatively youthful population compared to England as a whole
Student numbers increasing
Cultural:
More mosques/temples appeared
Diversity of ethnic food shops + clothing
New venues for music/sport
Environmental:
Green belt increased land value
Tree planting