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Photosynthesis - Coggle Diagram

- - - - humans
        
        use of fire bad for atmosphere
        
        oxidize food, coal, wood, oil, and gas
        
        increases CO2 concertation in atmosphere
      - coccoliths
        
        microscopic algae
        
        calcium carbonate shells
        
        shell decompose slowly
        
        limestone and carbon deposits
      - mollusks
        
        calcium carbonate shells
        
        shells decompose slowly
        
        limestone and carbon deposits
  - - - originated 2.8 million yrs ago
        
        rust
        
        02 accumulated in atmosphere
  - - - due to high CO2 concetrations
        
        warms atmosphere
        
        CO2 is a greenhouse gas
  - - - due to increase of CO2 concentration
        
        surface water is getting warmer
        
        better farming in plains
        
        floods in river basins
        
        rapid melting of snow and glaciers
        
        ocean volume increases
        
        coasts flood
        
        additional freshwater in oceans
        
        bad for ocean ecosystems
  - - - wind patterns are changing
        
        some areas cooler or warmer
        
        some wetter or drier
  - - - cause mutations in humans
- - - - CO2 + H2O
        
        very stable
        
        chemical energy
        
        form carbohydrates
        
        store abundant energy
        
        stable and unreactive chemically
        
        non-toxic
      - light-dependent reactions
        
        Light and H20
        
        act on CO2 indirectly
        
        ATP and NADPH
        
        stroma reaction
        
        ATP and NADPH React directly with CO2
  - - - radiation
        
        quanta or photons
        
        differ in wavelengths
        
        color
        
        we see
        
        infrared
        
        feel heat
        
        UV
        
        some insects see
        
        plants use for photosynthesis
      - absorption and action spectrum
        
        light must be absorbed first
        
        then it can be used and in "action"
  - - - material that absorbs color
        
        melanin
      - photosynthetic pigments
        
        transfer light energy to e-
        
        can be black
        
        at least absorb high energy radiation
        
        chlorophyll
        
        absorb some red and blue light
        
        other energy passes through
        
        captures about 5% of energy
        
        Chlorophyll a=essential photosynthesis pigment
        
        unaltered by evolution for 3 billion years
      - absorbed quanta
        
        activated
        
        raised to an orbital of higher energy level
        
        ground state to excited state
      - release of light
        
        fluorescence
      - accessory pigments
        
        molecules that absorb wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a
        
        broaden action spectrum
        
        resonance
        
        allows chlorophyll b to absorb what chlorophyll a can't
    - - little chlorophyll b
        
        P700
        
        700nm light
        
        powerful reducing agent
        
        unstable e-
        
        ferredoxin
        
        1 more item...
      - electron transport chain
    - - efficiently produce NADPH
        
        P700
        
        receives e- from
        
        cytochrome b6/f complex
        
        gains e- from plastoquinone molecule
        
        gains another e- from Q molecule
        
        1 more item...
      - electron transport chain
    - - Photophosphorylation
        
        chemiosmotic phosphorylation
        
        grana
        
        frets
        
        stroma
        
        thylakoid lumen
        
        1 more item...
        
        thylakoids form vesicles at same spot
      - noncyclic electron transport
        
        e- flow smoothly from H2O to NADPH
      - cyclic electron transport
        
        plastoquinone's carry e- still
        
        use energy to pump more protons into thylakoid lumen
        
        makes extra ATP not NADPH
  - - - Calvin-Benson cycle or C3 cycle
        
        PGA
      - acceptor molecule react with CO2 molecule
        
        3-phosphoglycerate
        
        RuBP carboxylase
        
        8 subunits
        
        ribulose-1,5-biphosphate
  - - - anabolism
        
        anabolic reactions
        
        storage
        
        short term
        
        ATP and NADPH
        
        can be used in cell breifly
        
        immediate term
        
        glucose and disaccharide
        
        move cell to cell
        
        1 more item...
        
        long term
        
        starch
        
        too large to transport
        
        1 more item...
    - - gluconeogenesis
        
        synthesis of glucose
        
        PGAL exported to cytoplasm
        
        dihydroxyacetone phosphate
        
        sugar
        
        glucose-6-phophate
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Quality
        
        colors or wavelengths
        
        sunlight is white
        
        blue light is reflected upwards
        
        blue light=rapid photosynthesis
        
        red light=slow photosynthesis
      - quantity
        
        intensity or brightness
        
        available for photosynthesis
        
        plants near equator get more light
        
        CO2 concentration effects sunlight usage
        
        light compensation point
        
        1 more item...
        
        plant shape effects photosynthesis also
      - duration
        
        hrs per day of sunlight
        
        greatest at equator
  - - - in temperate and tropical plants
        
        palisade parenchyma above, spongy mesophyll below
        
        excellent at absorbing CO2
        
        stopping water loss
        
        small intercellular space
        
        reduce eternal surface area
        
        CO2 absorption is reduced
  - - - stomata open during day
        
        dry soil keeps stomata closed
      - stomata closed at night
        
        retaining water
  - - - H2O lost per CO2 absorbed
        
        ideal ratio is low
      - photorespiration
        
        energy-wasting process
        
        RuBP
        
        oxygen producing photosynthesis started in cyanobacteria
    - - O2 kept away from RuBP
    - - Kranz anatomy
        
        mesophyll
        
        not palisade and spongy parenchyma
        
        phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase enzyme
        
        PEP carboxylase adds CO2
        
        4 carbons
  - - - discovered in succulents
      - occurs at night
        
        CO2 stored on acids until daytime
        
        for photosynthesis during the day
    - - hot, very dry climate
- - - - large molecules
        
        too energetic
        
        react with almost anything
        
        bad
      - small molecule(s)
        
        less energetic intermediates
        
        photosynthesis
        
        ATP
        
        guanosine triphosphate
    - - photophosphorylation
        
        light energy
        
        plants only
      - substrate-level phosphorylation
        
        high-energy phosphate groups
        
        phosphate onto ADP
        
        animals, fungi, noncholophyllous plant
      - oxidative phosphorylation
        
        distinct cell site
        
        distinct type of reaction
        
        all parts of plant
  - - - carries less e-
        
        reduced
        
        carries more e-
        
        contains H2
      - contains a lot of O2
      - most compounds in natural state
    - - charge on atom or molecule
    - - reduction reaction
        
        reduces + charge
      - oxidation reaction
        
        increase + charge
      - redox potential
        
        tendency to accept or donate e-
    - - oxidizing
        
        NAD+ and NADP+
      - reducing
        
        NADH and NADPH
  - - - small protein
        
        cofactor heme
        
        Fe atom
        
        integral part of chloroplasts
        
        close together sites
    - - transfer e- across short distance
        
        pickup 2 e-
        
        hydrophobic
        
        dissolve easy
    - - carries e- on metal atom
        
        Cu
        
        chloroplast membranes
        
        short distance
- - - - did not know ATP
    - - changed when America was discovered
        
        start of new knowledge
- - - - chlorophyll a not chlorophyll b
        
        oxygenic photsynthesis
        
        don't have chloroplasts
        
        infolded plasma membrane
  - - - bacteriochlorophylls
        
        closed tetrapyrroles with long tail
        
        anoxygenic photosynthesis
        
        no O2 form
- - - - 1800s
        
        clean sheet thinking was used to develop current biology
        
        still in use but minor