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Chapter 11 Energy Metabolism: Respiration, Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) …
Chapter 11
Energy Metabolism: Respiration
Respiration
The process that breaks down complex carbon compounds into simpler molecules and simultaneously produces ATP
During this process carbon is oxidized.
Oxidation state goes from +0 -> +4.
Electrons are removed by NAD+ which is then converted into NADPH.
NADPH, can be described as reverse photosynthesis. NADH carries electrons to carbon therefore, reducing it.
NADH
is a good reduction agent. but is usually too great for reduct reactions.
organisms that oxidize NADH produce > amounts of ATP.
Types of Respiration
Aeroic Respiration
requires O2 as terminal electron acceptor.
strict aerobes
(plants and animals)
Factultatively Anaerobic/Aerobic
ability to switch between anaerobic or Aerobic respiration.
:Lithotrophic autotrophs
lithotrophs that use carbon dioxide as their primary carbon source.
Lithotrophic heterotrophs
(beggiatoa,) Thiobacillus) and very few others get their energy by oxidizing sulfur compounds and they take in organic compounds for structural uses.
Citric Acid Cycle
aka Krebs, Tricarboxylic acid cycle.
Acetyl
2 carbon fragment.
Coennzyme A (CoA)
when the acetyl becomes attached to a carrier molecule.
resulting in the combination
acetyl CoA
Citrate
oxaloacetate is converted into a 6 carbon molecule.
a-ketoglutarate
carbon dioxide that only has 5 carbons.
succiyl
CoA
4 carbon remnant becomes attached to a new molecule of CoA.
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Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
respiration without O2.
Obligate anaerobes
bacteria that exclusively carry out anaerobic respiration.
Glycolysis
glucose thats broken down during anaerobic respiration by a metabolic pathway.
Substrate
level Phosphorylation.
ADP converting 1,3 diphosphoglycerate to ATP and therefore changing the 1,3 diphosphoglycerate into a 3-phosphorglycerate.
Lactate
NADH reacts with pyruvate. forming
Lactic acid.
Acetaldehyde
how plants/fungi first convert pyruvate.
after NADH reacts it forms
Ethanol Alcohol.
Photoautotrophs
Plants, cyanobacteria. have the Calvin Cycle.
Conventional Heterotrophs
take in organic substances and use them for ATP and polymer construction.
Photoheterotrophs
most purple/green bacteria. using photosynthesis to generate ATP.
Mitochondrial electron transport chain: Chemiosmotic Phosphorylation
ubiquioe
quinones
Cytofhrome oxidase
contains several proteins and two copper ions that mediate transfer of electrons from the iron in cytochrome to oxygen.
The NADH Shuttle
A series of chemical reactions carries (shuttles) NADH across the mitochondrail inner membrane.
Heat
Generating Respiration
heat "lost" during respiration of warm blooded animals.
Cyanide-resistant respiration
helps cells to survive anaerobic conditions.
Pentose phosphate pathway
involves many intermediates that are phosphorilated 5 carbon sugars. (important source for many fundamental compounds.
Respiration of Lipids
B-oxidation
fatty acids are broken down in 2 carbon units acetyl CoA in either cytosol or microbodies called glyoxysomes.
Respiratory quotient
ratio of carbon dioxide liberated to oxygen.
Fermentation of alcoholic beverages
alcohol is produced by fermentation of glucose by yeasts.
Beer
fermenting barly, wheat, corn, rice.
Wine
rich in sugar. 60 species of grapes. 30% of wines weight can be sugar.
Sprits
alcoholic beverages with an ethanol content above 20%
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
protein that acts as a cofactor.
