Asexual Reproduction
Fission
Binary
Multiple
Organism splits into two or more new individuals
Division of organism into 2 nearly identical individuals
First, the nucleus divides into two
2nd, the cytoplasm splits
Finally, the cell splits into 2 new daughter cells
Takes place in favourable conditions
Seen in amoeba, leishmania, euglena, etc
In Leishmania, it occurs through the longitudinal plane
Division of organism into many new individuals
The nucleus divides repeatedly to form many nuclei
Covering called cyst is formed
Each nucleus gets surrounded by some cytoplasm and many daughter cells are produced
Takes place during unfavourable conditions
Takes place in algae, plasmodium and sporozoans
Fragmentation
Involves breaking of body into pieces called fragments upon maturity
The fragments give rise to new individuals
Seen in simple multicellular organisms like spirogyra, cyanobacteria, fungi
No specialized cells required
Budding
New individual is formed as outgrowth of parent called bud
New individual separates out upon maturity and continues to exist
In Hydra, which is multicellular, 1 bud is produced w/o any chain
In yeast, which is unicellular, many buds are produced in a chain
Regeneration
If parent is cut or broken, then each piece gives rise to a new individual
Each new individual has to grow and it is an accidental process
Specialized cells are required
Seen in hydra, tapeworm and flatworm
Spore Formation
Formation of new individual by germination of spores
Spores are unicellular bodies that are capable of growing into a new individual and have a covering
Spores are contained in a bulb like structures called the sporangia
After some time the sporangium bursts and spores are released into the air
When spores land on some food or soil, they germinate into new individuals
Seen in Rhizopus and other fungi