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Industrial Revolution, COAL WAS CALLED "BLACK GOLD", Coal was…
Industrial Revolution
Child Labour
Poor children often went to work in factories instead of going to schools. They started work from the ages of 5 and 6 and worked until they died.
The children were often beaten with sticks and whipped to make them go as fast as the machines in the factories. In a nail making factory, the overseers hammered the offenders ear on a wooden bench.
Orphan children who worked in factories were the pauper apprentices. They were sent by the authorities who were meant to look after them.
The pauper children worked in the factories for food, clothing and shelter in the apprentice house.
The poor children often worked in the farms, weeding and looking after animals. when the children came to factories the life got much tougher.
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The children working in factories were often smaller and shorter than children who didn't work in factories.
Factory System
The factory system began in 1769 when Richard Arkwright developed the spinning frame which could make cloth quickly and cheaply. he opened the first factory in Cromford in Derbyshire in 1771.
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Arkwright's method of manufacture inspired others to make machines that produced cloth quickly and cheaply.
In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the Spinning Mule which produced threads of higher quality
In 1785, Edmund Cartwright sped up the waving process to the point where the workers could keep up with the spinners.
In 1768, a Scottish inventor James Watt met a businessman called Mathew Boulton at the science club called Lunar Society in Birmingham. together they developed a new steam engine made with a sun and planet gear system. The factories then used steam power to drive their machinery.
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Domestic System
The Domestic System involved the whole family working together. The goods they made were like shoes, socks, buttons lace, hats, gloves etc. Britain was famous for the production of cloth. before the were famous for woolen cloth and then cotton cloth.
In 1733 the Flying Shuttle was invented by John Kay. This helped the wavers to make cloth much more quickly and cheeply.
In 1764, James Hargreaves invented the Spinning Jenny. When a wheel was turned the operator could spin eight threads. Later the spinning jenny had over 80 spools make the production of thread very quickly.
Both the Spinning Jenny and the Flying Shuttle increased the profits of the clothiers and provided an extra income for the villagers.
The process
- The clothier returns to collect the cloth, pays the family for what they have produced and gives them the wool for next weeks orders and takes the cloth to be dyed different colors by another family before being sold for a great price.
- The family could work however long they wanted as long as they met their deadlines.
- The clothier takes the wool to the villagers who turn it into cloth.
- the clothier buys wool from the farmer.
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Mining Industry
Coal is being used to run factory machinery, steam engines and trains. The coal had to be dug out from the pit in the surface which was hard work.
The mines were very deep and the children would often get scared. The trip in the cage was lift, noisy and very scary.
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The mines were very suffocating as there was not much oxygen and the miners often caught poisonous gasses in their lungs and suffered serious breathing problems.
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Coal was called "black gold" because mine owners were making so much money and the miners decided to call coal black gold.
The laws and rules in the factories were very strict, the children were fined if the rules were not followed.