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Foundation of clinical psychology - Coggle Diagram
Foundation of clinical psychology
Definitions
Integrates science, theory
Practice to understand, predict maladjustment, disability, discomfort
Alleviate maladjustment, disability, discomfort
Promote human adaptation, adjustment, personal development
Focus on intellectual, emotinal, biological, psychological, social, behavioural
Able to:
Assess
Consult
Research
Parameter:
Populations: everyone in every level of socioeconomic
Problems:
1). Intellectual, emotional, psychological, social and behavioral maladjusment.
2). Disability and discomfort
3). Minor and severe adjustment issues.
Where to work?
Uni
Psychiatrist and general hospitals
Community mental health centers
Job scopes
Diagnosis/ assessment
Teaching/ supervision
Research/ writing
Others
3 models of training
Scientist-practitioner model (boulder model)
Both practice and research
Earn PhD
Practitioner-Scholar model (vail model)
Practice.
Earn PsyD
Higher acceptance rate and larger classes
Clinical scientist model
Research
Highly scientific and empirical
Earn PhD
Internship
Predoctoral internship:
At the end of doctoral training programs ( before Phd/ PsyD is awarded)
1 year supervised clinical experiences.
Become an apprenticeship (learn how to become a professional)
Postdoctoral internship
After Phd/ PsyD is awarded.
1-2 years
Still supervised but more independence
Specialized training
Require state licensure
*Getting licensed
Requires appropriate graduate coursework, postdoctoral internship, and licensing exams.
Each state got different requirements.
To stay licensed, most states require continuing education units (CEUs).
Differences of psychologists and other related fields
1). Counseling Psychologists
Deal with less disturbed patients
Less likely to work in clinical/ hospital settings
Endorse humanism and less behaviorism
More to vocational and career counselling
2). Psychiatrists
Go to medical school. Have doctor degree.
Can prescribe medicines
More to biological/ pharmaceutical talk rather than emotional therapy.
3). Social worker
Deal in the social aspect of client's problems
Master degree not doctorate
Training focuses on treatment and fieldwork rather than research and formalized assessment
4). School psychologist
Work in schools
Focus on student wellness and learning
Frequently do school-related testing (LD and ADHD)
Consult with parents and teachers
5). Professional counselors
Master degree
2 years training
Less focus on psychological testing and research
May specialized in career, school, college counselling, etc.
Requirements:
Personal requirements
Clinical attitude
Compassionate interest in human beings
Integrity dealing with others, emotional stability, intellectual curiosity
Education requirements
Full license in clinical psychology
Doctorate from accredited program
Completed internship and practice (1-2 years)
Assessment
Assessment of Intelligence
Help categorized professions in early years
Present day widely used Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
Binet's test was intended for children.
Wechsler's for adult but later got variations for children.
Eg: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
Assessment of Personality
1). Projective test
Clients project personality onto ambiguous stimuli
2). Rorschach Inkblot Method
Clients respond to ambiguous inkblot
3). Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Clients respond to ambiguous interpersonal scenes
Objectives test soon emerged ( eg: self-report)
Psychotherapy
Before this, doctor yg buat psychotherapy
Used in WWII
Other form of therapy emerge (behaviorism, humanism, family therapy, cognitice therapy)
Combination of cognitive therapy and behavioural therapy soon popularized.
Cultural Issue (culture shapes how clients understand their problems)
Culture competence - therapist awareness, knowledge, and skills to understand different cultures.
Self-aware - learning one's culture (values, assumptions, biases). By doing this, one become less egocentric and realizes that differences are not deficiencies.
Gain knowledge by:
reading, direct experiences, asking for explanations from native of that culture
Culturally appropriate clinical skills:
Techniques used should be consistent with the values and life experiences of clients
Eg: talk therapy may not be suitable to some culture group.
Some culture may respond more positively to action rather than insights.
Modify treatment with empirical evidence for members of a cultural group.
Etic VS Emic Perspective
Etic
Similarities between all people
Universality
Downplays culture-based differences
Emic
Culture-specific norms
Appreciate clients in their own cultures
Tripartite Model of Personal Identity:
3 levels of identity
Individual level - Everyone is unique
Group level - every person is like some others
Universal level - every person is like the other
Clinical psychologists can recognize all three levels for any clients.
Culture bound syndromes:
Latah - observed in Malaysian and Indonesian middle-aged women. It's an exaggerated shocked reaction.
Research
Experimental
Observe events
Develop hypothesis (define IV and DV)
Empirical testing of hypothesis
Alter hypothesis to match results
*often take form of randomized clinical trials
Quasi Experiments
Used in place of true experiments when practical, ethical, or other issues limit manipulations.
Participant cannot be randomly assigned to the IV.
Between and Within group
Analogue
Used when actual clinical populations or situations cannot be accessed.
Use simulations
Correlational methods
Relationship between two or more variables
Used when experimental and quasi are not available
Case study
Detailed explanation of a single person
Qualitative
Meta-analysis
-Statistical method of combining results from separates studies into one.
Cross-sectional and Longitudinal designs
Cross-sectional - compare participants at a single point in a time. more efficient than the latter
Longitudinal - compare participants at different points in time. less efficient but can be more valid.