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Cytology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Nuclear envelope
        
        Nuclear membrane thicker than cell membrane, 25nm trilaminar
        
        Nuclear envelop has pores for selective transport
        
        Outer membrane has ribosomes and connected to RER
        
        Inner membrane is bound to membrane protein and heterochromatin is attached
      - Usually have 1 nucleus while skeletal muscle and osteoclast are multinucleated
      - RBC do not have nuclei
      - Most nuclei are spherical but can be multilobulated (neutrophils) or kidney shaped (monocytes) or spindled shaped (smooth muscle)
      - Nucleolus
        
        Loops of DNA
        
        Basophilic, seen in actively synthesizing protein
        
        Involved with rRNA synthesis and packaging into precursor ribosomes
      - Euchromatin vs heterochromatin
        
        Euchromatin is evenly dispersed, more active, light
        
        Heterochromatin is less active, condense packed, dark, supporting cells are heterochromatin
    - - RBC no ribosomes
      - Electron dense basophilic, contains rRNA, can be seen in cytoplasm or RER or outer nuclear envelope
      - Single= ribosomes; multiple= polyribosomes
      - ribosomes are used for protein synthesis and instruction of mRNA with AA transported by tRNA
      - Found on RER and cytoplasms
      - Types of robisomes
        
        tRNA
        
        Transcribes
        
        mRNA
        
        Send message to rRNA to know what to make
        
        rRNA
        
        Made in nucleolus, makes ribsomes
    - - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulm
        
        Lipid metabolism (Steroid hormones synthesis), located in membranes of SER
        
        Drug detoxification, and recaptures calcium ion during contraction and relaxation of muscles
        
        Capture of calcium ions in muscles, seen a lot here
        
        Endocrine
      - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Studded with ribosomes
        
        Basophilic due to protein synthesis
        
        A lot of digestive enzymes here
        
        Exocrine
    - - STAINED WITH SILVER SALT OR OSMIUM, black incolor as network of cisternae
      - Function: Accumulates, concentrates, and packages secretory proteins into membrane bound vesicles, and biosynthesis for glycoproteins, glycolipids, phospholipisa, and neutral lipids
      - Parallel membrane bounded by flattened cisternae and tubules and vesicles on either side
      - After enzymes are shipped out of RER cisterns, the golgi body accumulates and packages it. Then move to surface of cell membrane
    - - Enzymes are made in RER and then go to golgi complex where enzymes are modified and packaged as primary lysosomes
      - Primary lysosomes fuse with phagocytosed material or obsolete cellular organelles, then becomes secondary lysosomes
      - Vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes
      - Lipofucsin
        
        After digestion, the indigestible contents become residual bodies or lipofuscin (age pigmen
        
        Seen in cardiac muscle, liver, and nerve cells
      - Stages of lysosomes: enzymes made in RER--> golgi complex--> primary lysosomes--> they fuse with material and become secondary--> anything not digested become lipofuscin, otherwise it is shipped out of cell
    - - Small membrane bound organelles that contains oxidase and catalase. Oxidize substances then it produces H2O2 and then it is catalyzed
      - Found a lot in kidney and liver cells
      - Detoxifies ethanol
    - - Stained with Janus Green B in living cells
      - Main source of energy, seen a lot in high metabolic places
      - Mitochondrial matrix contains DNA and ribosomes
      - Has own respiratory enzymes
      - Prominent in skeletal muscles
    - - Intermediate filaments
        
        Present in almost all cells, mechanical stress
        
        Keratin filaments provide mechanical stability by forming desmosomes
        
        Desmin filaments support muscle cells
        
        Neurofilaments support nerve cells
        
        Most prominent to keep shape
      - Microtubules
        
        MAINTENANCE OF CELL FORM AND TRANSPORT OF ORGANELLES AND VESICLES
        
        CELL DIVISION WITH CENTRIOLE
        
        Nine groups of 3 microtubule triplets, they are interconnected
        
        Like a boat that carries the organelles and vesicles
      - Microfilament
        
        Actin and myosin filaments, causes contraction in muscles
        
        Form thin sheath beneath cytoplasm and is used in endo/exo cytosis and cell movement
        
        The pocketing, membrane bound activity
        
        Right below cell membrane
  - - - In skin and retina
    - - hemoglobin degradation
    - - In fat cells, demonstrated by osmic acid fixation
    - - Nondigestible residue from phagocytosis, pigment increase in age
      - Important in nerve cells, not important in skin cells
    - - In liver and muscle cells, can be demonstrated by PAS
  - - - Selectively permeable
      - Receptor sites for hormone activated cellular events
      - Receptor cites for antigen recognition and phagocytosis