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Internal Factors: Class Differences - Coggle Diagram
Internal Factors: Class Differences
Labelling
Labelling theory
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A self-fulfilling prophecy is a prediction that comes true simply by virtue of it having been made
Labelling theory is when someone is given a label by a teacher and it will affect how the child performs in their education
Leads to subcultures
Subcultures are groups that stray from the norm of the culture, often anti-school
They reject and criticise the system, especially in education, in anti-school subculture
Pro school subcultures
Pupils placed in high streams (mainly middle class)
Committed to values of school
Gain status through academic success
May be because they were placed in low streams
Label of failure --> look for other means to gain stats + success
Pupil responses to pupil subculture
Ingratiation - being the 'teacher's pet'
Ritualism - Going through the motions and staying out of trouble
Retreatism - Day-dreaming and mucking about
Rebellion - Outright rejection of everything the school stands for
Criticism
Interactions within schools can actively create social class inequalities
Labelling in secondary vs labelling in primary
Labelling is giving something a name or description
Sociologists
Bourdieu 1984 (the French one)
Captial + cultural and material factors contribute to educational achievement
Middle class have a richer lifestyle, meaning the education system gives more to them
Habitus
Norms, values, and beliefs of a particular social group - relates to their behaviour
Archer ???
Symbolic violence
Students feel attacked by the school system because it devalues their working class culture
Nike identities
Gain symbolic capital through consuming branded goods
Rejection of education, gain capital through other means
Stephen Ball 1981
Abolishing streaming
Streaming is when pupils are split into groups based upon ability in their subject
Held a study of Beachside
Mixed ability grouping
Students less likely to form subcultures
Influence of anti-school subculture has declined - no polarisation (Lacey)
Teachers still differentiate within classes
Lacey 1970
Pupil subcultures
Differentiation - the process of teachers categorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability, attitude, or behaviour
e.g streaming into high streams (high status) and low streams (low streams, inferior)
Polarisation
The process in which pupils respond to streaming by moving to one of two opposites
Interactionists
Believe labelling can affect pupils' achievement by creating a self fulfilling prophecy
Micro theory - labelling theory
Educational Reform Act (1988)
Trend towards more streaming
Proven to not be successful
Introduced different types of schools and curriculums
Created new opportunities for inequality