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History of Panama - Coggle Diagram

- - - - It is divided as follows:
        
        Prehistoric Stages
        
        According to Panamanian anthropologist Reina Torres de Arauz and researcher Aníbal Pastor Núñez this stage is divided into 4 stages which are: Hunting, gathering, and fishing, Formative agriculture, Established agriculture, and Extensive agriculture.
        
        Location and Geographical Conditions
        
        According to information from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the first inhabitants settled on the Panamanian isthmus approximately 11,000 years ago.
        
        Cultural Manifestations and Social Customs
        
        The cultural manifestations and social customs of pre-Hispanic times in Panama are reflected in the following aspects: Depopulation, Colonization, Agriculture, Hunting, fishing and gathering, Village life, Dominance, rivalry and territoriality, Male power, Artifacts and territories: a difficult matter to interpret, Ceremonial centers, and The care of ancestors.
        
        Aboriginal groups
        
        According to Dr. RICHARD COOKE, of the Smithsonian Institution, the first evidence of human groups in Panama dates back approximately 11,000 years.
- - - - The Columbian Epic
        
        History has not been able to record with certainty the place of Christopher Columbus' birth, much less the exact date of birth. However, tradition suggests that he was born in the Republic of Genoa, the son of a wool carder who from an early age, had a fascination for life at sea and adventures.
      - Arrival of the Spaniards in Panama
        
        Christopher Columbus arrives on Panamanian shores during his fourth voyage, in which he travels from Cabo Gracias a Dios in Honduras to the Isthmus of Panama. But the first of the Spanish colonizers to travel Panamanian lands is the scribe Rodrigo de Bastidas.
      - The Governorates of Nueva Andalucía and Castilla de Oro
        
        The Crown initiated a plan for the conquest and colonization of the continental territories that had been incorporated during various explorations. To this end, two knights, DIEGO DE NICUESA and ALONSO DE OJEDA, were authorized to develop the colonization policy.
      - Foundation of Santa María de la Antigua De Darién
        
        Santa María la Antigua del Darién was the first city founded on Tierra Firme, It was founded by Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1510.
      - Misfortunes of Governor Diego de Nicuesa
        
        Once the expedition led by COLMENARES reached Nombre de Dios, they found Governor NICUESA in a pitiful state, as a result of hunger, disease and constant confrontation with the Indians.
      - Discovery of the South Sea
        
        Vasco Núñez de Balboa discovered the South Sea in 1513
- - - - The Colonial Regime
        
        Panama was part of the Spanish Empire between 1538 and 1821. In the Spanish colonies in general, two types of laws were applied: the peninsular (the same, applied to Spain, adjacent islands and Africa) and the overseas or colonial.
      - The Royal Audience of Panama
        
        By Royal Decree of February 26, 1538, Emperor Charles V ordered the creation of an Audiencia in Panama, which became the third in the continent. It included the provinces of Tierra Firme (Castilla de Oro and Veraguas), all territories ranging from the Strait of Magellan to the Gulf of Fonseca (the provinces of the Río de la Plata, Chile, Peru, the governorate of Cartagena and Nicaragua).
      - The Parcel System
        
        In order to reward the services rendered by the men who undertook the colonizing enterprise, the Crown established the system of repartimientos and encomiendas. The system consisted of the Crown distributing the indigenous inhabitants in a certain place among the conquerors or settlers, in payment for their services.
      - Rebels to the Crown attack Panama
        
        In order to ensure that the Crown could not quell the uprising of the encomiendas in Peru, GONZALO PIZARRO ordered to take the cities of Panama and Nombre de Dios. For this purpose, Captain HERNANDO DE BICHACAO, who arrived in Panama in September 1545, was commissioned, CASAOS adopted the decision to exhaust peaceful resources to subdue the rebels who had been present to subdue the Isthmus.
      - Introduction of Blacks in Panama
        
        According to the criteria of LUIS A. DIEZ CASTILLO, the first black slaves arrived at the Isthmus of Panama in the expedition of Governor DIEGO DE NICUESA, who worked to raise Nombre de Dios. A black slave named ÑUFLO DE OLANO, accompanied VASCO NUÑEZ DE BALBOA on the expedition that managed to reach the South Sea in 1513.
      - Foundation of new populations in the Interior of the Isthmus
        
        The first Spanish settlement was Santa María de Belén, founded in 1503 by Admiral CRISTOBAL COLON, who on his fourth trip, wanted to leave a town in order to ensure dominion over the coasts of Veragüenses.
- - - - Creation of the Department of the Isthmus
        
        The spontaneous incorporation of Panamanian territory to Gran Colombia gives reason to the Executive of that country to issue the decree of February 9, 1822, by which it was created with "the provinces where the old General Command of Panama extended under the Spanish government, with the limits that the Department of the Isthmus had.
      - The Amphictyony Congress of Panama
        
        The idea of an amphictyony congress was inspired by the historical example of the ancient Greeks, who used to hold assemblies with the participation of the cities to deal with general matters, of interest to all. Amphictyony ensured solutions that enjoyed vigorous support and contributed to harmony among peoples and the stability of their institutions.
      - Separatist attempts
        
        In this episode we can observe several attempts which are: First Attempt to separate Panama from Colombia the Loyalty of Espinar, Second Attempt to Separate Panama from Colombia the Madness of Alzuru, Third Attempt to Separate Panama from Colombia The Exile of Herrera, Fourth Attempt to Separate Panama from Colombia Freedom of slaves.
      - Tomás Herrera and the State of the Isthmus
        
        On November 19, 1840, Tomás Herrera proclaimed the Free State of the Isthmus and conditioned the reincorporation of New Granada to the federal system. Don Rufino Cuervo mediates, and Herrera abandons the separatist adventure in exchange for promises that were finally unfulfilled.
      - The California Gold Rush and the Panama Railroad
        
        The gold rush that broke out in California, in January 1848, when a New Jersey carpenter found nuggets of the precious metal, on the estate of John Sutter, reverberated throughout the world.
- - - - The Panama Canal.
        In 1905, railway engineer John Stevens was left in charge of the project, and suspended excavation work. Backed by an efficient railway infrastructure, also designed by Stevens, work resumed once again in 1907 with a workforce of 24,000.
      - Separation of Panama from Colombia
        
        In late October 1903, Amador Guerrero returned to Panama. In reality there was very little he could offer the Revolutionary Junta. He had not met with any senior official of the government in Washington and brought only the vague promise of a French engineer. It was not strange that in these circumstances, the vague promise of a French engineer. Junta Revolucionaria was disappointed and confused. In addition, neither the model flag nor the proclamation that Bunau Varilla had given to Amador in New York were accepted.
      - First Quarter of the Twentieth Century (1903-1925)
        The first quarter of the twentieth century meant for Panama a succession of decisive and important events such as: Separation of Panama from Colombia, Formation of the Provisional Government, The Treaties of the Panama Canal, The Constitution of 1904, The Demilitarization of the Republic, The Inauguration of the Panama Canal.
- - - - The Republican Initiation 1904-1912
        When Panama emerged to independent life in November 1903, it had approximately 300,000 inhabitants, not including indigenous peoples. The first official figures come from the Census Bureau in 1911, when the population reached 341,000 and annual rents rose to $4 million. The Province of Panama had 103,000 inhabitants, being the most populous in the country and the capital city housed 70,000 inhabitants.
      - Porras and the Modernization of the Republic 1912-1924
        Progress at all costs (1912-1916) When Porras assumed the presidency in 1912, the public debt was one million balboas and the state coffers were empty. The new president had to turn to William Nelson Cromwell to lend Panama $150,000 to start the bureaucratic machinery. To this situation of fiscal hardship was added the fact that Porras inherited a nineteenth-century, backward and disorganized country that he proposed to insert in the twentieth century. Deeply influenced by the positivist ideas of progress at all costs, he decided, against all odds, to modernize the Republic.
      - Chiarism and its Consequences 1924-1932
        
        A nation indebted and in the process of modernization In the elections of 1924 Rodolfo Chiari, the official candidate against General Manuel Quintero Villarreal, the hero of Coto, was elected. Chiari assumed power from the hand of Porras, but very soon it became clear that he would carry out an administration without imposed guidelines and that he was interested in consolidating his political power, to the detriment of the former president.