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INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, image, image, image, wood coal dung, crude…

- - - - A. Cation-exchange Resins (RH+):
        
        styrene divinyl benzene copolymers
        
        when sulphonated, capable of exchanging H+
      - B. Anion-exchange Resins (R'OH):
        
        styrene divinyl benzene copolymers or amine formaldehyde copolymers with NH2, QN+, QP+, QS+, groups
        
        on alkali treatment, capable of exchanging OH-
    - - both anion and cation resins are mixed in a single vessel.
        
        when the bed (resins) are exhausted or cease to soften the water, the mixed bed is back washed by forcing the water from the bottom in the upward direction.
        
        then the light weight anion exchanger moves to the top and forms an upper layer above the heavier cation exchanger.
        
        then the anion exchanger is regenerated by passing caustic soda solution (NaOH) from the top and then rinsed with pure water.
        
        the lower cation exchanger bed is then washed with dil.H2SO4 solution and then rinsed.
        
        the two beds are then mixed again by forcing compressed air to mix both and the resins are now ready for use.