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AUTHORITARIAN STATES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Enabling Act
        
        Hitler's coalition passed the Enabling Act
        
        Allowed German Chancellor to govern by personal decree without consulting the Reichstag --> complete power for Hitler without constitutional restrictions
      - Reichstag Fire
        
        lone arsonist , Dutch Communist Marines can Der Lubbe set the Reichstag building in fire in 1933 --> accused of being part of a communist plot (used in anti-communist propaganda and SA targeting German communists)
      - March 33 Reichstag Election
        
        SDP and KDP parties condemned by Nazi Propaganda
        
        Nazis received 44% of the votes, but lacked 2/3 share needed to pass Nazi supported legislation
        
        Hitler worked with the centrist parties (Catholic Center and National People's Party) to vote with the Nazis --> promising to protect Catholic interest and eliminate the left
      - Gleichschaltung
        
        Nazification of Germany
        
        Other parties outlawed
        
        Legal system under Nazi control
        
        Jews removed from public office
        
        Nazi control of all aspects of German life
    - - Night of the Long Knives (1934)
        
        Hitler had to ensure that the Nazi party was unified
        
        Purge of challengers and opposition within the Party
        
        Ernst Rohm, leader of the SA arrested and executed
        
        Germany military (Wehrmacht) supported the purge
        
        SS replaced the SA
      - SS
        
        Civilian police force that could operate without legal restrictions
        
        Controlled by Hitler and led by Heinrich Himmler
        
        Responsible for concentration camps
        
        Death's Head Division, Gestapo and Waffen-SS
      - German military
        
        Hitler had the officers takin oath to offer loyalty to the Führer (not the government)
        
        Hitler became the Commander-in-Chief in 1938
    - - Night of the Long Knives --> Hitler's first move against opposition in 1934
      - Only limited opposition --> Enabling Act had made political opposition illegal
        Opposition rose in times of crisis (1939, before war and 1942-45, military suffered defeats)
  - - - Opposition
        
        Youth opposition
        
        White Rose Group --> Criticism of the brutality of the Nazi regime by spreading leaflets
        
        Edelweiss --> Catholic group promoting lasting German values against Nazi doctrine (Gestapo hunting down and hanging Edelweiss members)
        
        Swingjugend -->
        
        Religious opposition
        
        Individual opposition e.g. Martin Niemöller, Protestant theologian who set up Confessional Church (he was sent to concentration camp later)
        
        Churches, no opposition from Catholic or Protestant (wanted to support Nazi regime) --> Communism was seen as more evil and godless
        
        Opposition from right
        
        Opposition from left
      - Germans protected their position in society by joining the Nazi Party --> shows how important bureaucracy was in getting support for the Nazis
  - - - Economic
        
        war debts
        
        reparations
        
        Hyperinflation
        
        withdrawal of American loans
        
        High unemployment --> as high as 30% in 1932
      - Social division
      - Impact of war
        
        Defeat in WW1
        
        November criminals stabbed Germany in the back by signing the Treaty of Versailles (diktat of Treaty of Versailles)
      - Weakness of political system
        Weimar Constitution
        
        President elected every 7 years --> however could rule by decree during national crises
        
        Chancellor appointed by the President
        
        Reichstag seats gained through proportional representation --> difficult for any single party to form a majority --> instability
      - Political instability -
        Rise of communism after Russian Revolution in 1917 --> move towards revolution e.g. by the Spartacus League in Germany
        
        Right-wing nationalists formed loose paramilitary organisation feirkorps to resist communism
        
        Nazi Munich Putch to overthrow the government
    - - Persuasion and coercion
      - Use of force
        
        SA troops used violence towards communists and Jews
      - Use of force
      - The role of leaders
      - Ideology
        
        Mein Kampf laid out Hitler's ideology
        
        Anti-communism
        
        Belief of Aryan supremacy (Anti-Semitism, racism)
        
        Idea of confrontation: Germans and Jews, Nationalists and Communists
      - Propaganda
        
        Jospeh Goebbles, responsible for Nazi propaganda from the 20s and was the Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933
        
        Propaganda depicted Hitler as the strong leader Germany needed to return to its greatness
        
        Posters, newspapers and new media of film and radio
        
        Efficient use of transportation: aeroplane, railway... to move around the nation and organise political rallies
      - Legal methods
        
        The popularity of the Nazi Party rose through the Great Depression and unemployment
        
        President Hindenburg ruled by emergency decree as only weak coalition governments could be formed
        
        Hitler was the leader of the largest party --> wanted to be the chancellor, but Hindenburg only offered vice-chancellorship under Franz von Papen
        
        Hitler ran for president in 1932, gained support but lost to Hindenburg --> Hindenburg appointed Hitler as chancellor in 1933
        
        Hitler could not be controlled and assumed complete control of Germany in 1934
- - - - China had been forced to form 'unequal treaties' with Western nations since the 1840s
      - China felt humiliated after military defeat against Japan in 1895 (Sino-Japanese War)
      - Chinese industry and economy was largely under foreign control and had debt to foreign banks
      - Wide spread famines were frequent as Chinese agriculture was unable to support the growing population
      - The ruling Qing dynasty was incapably of protecting China and resisted moves to reform. Additionally, the Qing dynasty was not Chinese, but from Manchuria, and was therefore seen as foreign among the population. --> overthrown in 1911 by the Double 10 Revolution
      - Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan was becoming the dominant Asian power, annexing Korea in 1910.
      - Qing dynasty was overthrown by the Double 10 Revolution in 1911 --> led by Sun Yixian (later became Guomindang in 1912)
      - Warlord's Era 1916-27 --> no effecctive central government and China was run by warlords
      - Paris Peace Settlement / Treaty of Versailles (1919) --> Shandong given to Japan (previously under German control). Idea of Western powers supporting the expansion of Japan
    - - Born to a peasant family in Shaoshan, Hunan in 1893. They had a good standard of living and Mao attended a local school.
      - Mao grew up four major influences:
        
        Aggressive and expansionist Japanese foreign policy
        
        A ruling Qing dynasty that ignored the needs of the peasants
        
        The idea that western powers were exploiting China
        
        The issue of regionalism and warlord rule
      - Could consolidate his rule over the CPC after the Long March in
    - - Coalition of GMD and CPC to form the First United Front (with the advise of Russian Comintern) in 1924
    - - CPC had control of the north and were effective in using guerrilla warfare against the GMD
      - GMD soldiers outnumbered the CPC (4:1), however, the leadership was unorganised
      - USA initially provided assistance to GMD, but it was withdrawn in 1948 when it was obvious that GMD was losing
    - - Jiang Jieshi resigned his presidency in 1949, and prepared the move of the GMD government to Taiwan
      - Mao announced the establishment of PRC 1st October 1949