Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

1) What are humans like?, 6) Introduction, Roots & Diagnosis, 4) What…

- - - - duration of 7 days
      - Cyclothymic
        
        [bicycles - 2 wheels] 2 years
        
        Substance / Med Induced BP + Relat.
        
        BP + Related. due to Medical Condit.
        
        Other Specified BP + Related Dis.
        
        Unspecified BP + Related Dis.
    - - duration of Hypomania 4 days + MDD for 2 weeks
- - - - 2 weeks
      - 1.5-3x women
      - 3x 18-24yo
- - - - Generalized Anxiety Dx (GAD)
        
        6 months
        
        constant worry/nervousness;
        
        more in women
        
        child 0.9%; adults 2.9%
        
        Substance abuse in males
  - - - onset: 8-15yo
  - - - Animal, Blood-injections, Natural Environment, Situation, Other
        
        highest for 13-16yo (16%)
        
        children 5% ; adults 3-5%
        
        2x women
  - - - rule out hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmia, other med. cond.
        
        2x women
  - - - concern can't escape, help unavailable, embarrassment, incapacitating
        
        at least in 2 places: crowds, in-line, public transportation, outside of home, open spaces, closed spaces
  - - - child: 4 weeks; adults: 6 months
        
        impairments of social, school, work
- - - - Positive sx = not seen in healthy ppl (ex: hallucination); Negative sx = absence of common behavior in healthy ppl (ex: anhedonia, avolition, apathy)
      - 5Ds
        
        Deviation = thoughts/behvs different from most ppl ex: on table singing/shouting (rock concert vs. library)
        
        Dysfunctional = interferes with social relationships (love) + work + everyday life
        
        Danger = self or others (ex: SI, aggression, maintain a safe living environment)
        
        Distress = self or others
        
        Duration = few days vs. several weeks
        
        what is Abnormal?
        
        just b/c someone is abnormal, means they have dx; they just outliers on the standard deviation (what is normal)
    - - Diathesis Stress Model = what does the role of genes on mental illness? Diathesis = predisposition + environmental/psychological events (stress) = expression of mental illness
      - pre-disposition ----> environment (stress)
    - - ex: secret shopper
- - - - Dramatic, Emotional, Erratic
        
        Antisocial PD (Psychopathy)
        
        Sociopathy = less masking of their disregard
        
        Borderline PD
        
        Histrionic PD
        
        Narcissistic PD
    - - Anxious, Fearful
        
        Avoidant PD
        
        Dependent PD
        
        Obsessive Comp. PD
    - - Odd & Eccentric
        
        Paranoid PD
        
        distrust/ suspicion (other's motives are malevolent)
        
        Schizoid PD
        
        [Droid]
        
        Schizotypal PD
        
        [Typal --> T = magical Thinking]
        
        discomfort in close relationships, cog/perceptual distortions (see things others can't see), eccentricities of behaviors
      - risk factor --> schizophrenia
- - - - x
        
        x
        
        x
        
        x
        
        x
        
        x
        
        1 more item...
        
        x
        
        x
        
        x
        
        x
        
        1/week for 3 months
    - - ~easier to tx than bulimia/anorexia
- - - - high 5-HT
      - Amygdala
      - Cerebellum
- - - - tip: minimize room stimulation, family face, friendly staff, limited visitation, routine, anti-psychotic, tv, fluids
- - - - Intellect = [head in the :cloud:] interested in abstract ideas
        
        :red_cross: not intellegence
      - Openness = interest in esthetics :princess:
    - - Industriousness = desire to get things done on time :alarm_clock:. ex: project managers
      - Orderliness = phy envi. well organized; cleanliness. ex: color code binders; disgust sensitive - amygdala :man::skin-tone-2:
      - Good employee
    - - Enthusiasm = :heavy_plus_sign: like being around people, events, to share. ex: party animal
        
        :red_cross: not necessary compassionate
      - Assertiveness = private people, be alone, no crowds ex: read a book
        
        :red_cross: not just negative
      - Good Leader
    - - Compassion = how much do I care about others. ex: cry in movies :movie_camera:
        
        :red_cross: excited to be with ppl
      - Politeness = appreciation of social norms. ex: polite to authority
    - - Withdrawal = [worry] about possible outcomes; all the possible ways that can go wrong
        
        :red_cross: not strong opinions, not caring others
      - Volatility = personality can change quickly :chart_with_upwards_trend:. ex: me vs. Jack's mood
- - - - Pre-Operational (2-7yo)
        
        GOAL: children use symbols to represent words, images, ideas. Pretend play. Starting Operational ("logical manipulations of info")
        
        1 more item...
        
        Symbolic Function Substage (2-4yo) - trying to use mental representation to imagine an object is not present using perceptual in problem solving
        
        Intuitive Thought Substage (4-7yo) - to automatically think without evidence. ex: why do i need to wear a helmet everyday? to protect my head
        
        KEY TERMS: Centration: focus on one aspect at a time; Irreversibility: inability to understand that something CAN be undone; Egocentrism: limits their ability to understand that others don't experience the same as them. Young children cannot take perspectives of others; Pre-causal Transcductive Reasoning: unrelated events that occur at the same time are causally related (cause/effect); Symbolic Thought and Play: more sophisticated version of make-believe play; Animism: innate object have feelings; Magical Thinking: turn TV on with mind; Can't Conserve: don't understand that certain physical characteristics of an object stays the same when the outward appearance changes
        
        KEY BEHAVIORS: Symbolic Play: pretend stick is sword; Drawing: represent objects/ppl; Mental Imagery: visualize in their mind; Verbal Descriptions: use words to describe events/ppl etc
      - Concrete Operational (7-11yo)
        
        GOAL: objects can be the same, even if they look different
        
        1 more item...
        
        Children can problem solve because they can consider outcomes. Operation improves, as well as numeric and spatial abilities
        
        KEY CONCEPTS: Conservation: numbers, length, liquid, mass, weight, volume; Logical operations: mental math/add/subtractions in mind; Classified objects: shapes, slot games; Decentration: focus on more than one thing at a time; Reversibility: things can go back to it's shape; Horizontal Decliage: gradual development of a skill within a single stage of development
      - Formal Operational (12+yo)
        
        GOAL: able to use abstract thinking and hypothesis to problem solve
        
        2 more items...
        
        KEY CONCEPTS: Hypothetical-deductive Reasoning: derive and test a hypothesis to determine solutions to a problem; Abstract Thinking: able to think about multiple possibilities and use logic to solve complex problems; Propositional Thought: evaluate logic of verbal statements without having concrete examples; Personal Fable: "I'm special, invincible, and misunderstood." (ex: walking on street without looking both ways); Imaginary Audience; "everyone is always looking at me"
      - Sensorimotor (0-2yo)
        
        Reflexes: (0-1yo) - learning the world through sucking, reaching, grasping
        
        Primary Circular Reactions (1-4m) - start to learn about their bodies and sensory organs; accidentally do behavior at first, then repeat it when it's interesting. ex: sucking -> sucking finger / vocalizing
        
        Secondary Circular Reactions (4-8m) - interact with objects outside of themselves. At first, an accident, but repeat actions, becomes more deliberate. ex: shaking boys/ banging on pot
        
        Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions (8-12m) - more goal direct. Combine internal and external behaviors to achieve a goal. ex: sees toy under table, crawls, reaches, and throws it
        
        Tertiary Circular Reactions (12-18m) - [little scientist] explore through trial and error. Behavior is not spontaneous, but purposeful. ex: throw ball down stairs to see what happens
        
        Beginning of Representational Thought/Mental Combinations (18-24m) - the end of Sensorimotor Stage. Can use symbols, mental strategies, gestures, words to communication. ex: pretend play with hands/fingers for a telephone
        
        GOAL: mastering the idea that even something is covered, it still exists (Object Permanence)
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Conventional Stage
        
        3. Good boy/Good girl = how other people see you
        
        ex: pat on the head
        
        4. Law and Order = rules; good-bad; authority; justice
        
        who are you when no one is looking
        
        "i know, because mom said so"
        
        social approval + create order
      - Post-conventional Stage
        
        5. Arbitrary = (rules can be agreed upon) rules can change depends on situation
        
        6. Personal Ethic = regardless of what authority says; universal ethics
        
        ex: Ghandi, Jesus, etc "protecting/saving a human life transcends everything else"
        
        go to prison, regardless of law
        
        what is right and just
      - Pre-conventional Stage
        
        2. Rewards/ Positive Consequence
        
        ex: kid get reward = good
        
        1. Obedience/Punishment
        
        ex: kid take cookie = punished = bad
        
        any behv is good if it's advantageous to me (selfish)
      - [punishment] [social] [universal]
  - - - Focus on Self [Me] = love for self
      - Care for others
        
        Women get stuck in this stage on self-sacrifice
      - Avoid Violence / Reduce Harm
      - [ME YOU US]
  - - - 2) Heteronomous Morality (7-10yo)
        
        rules are created by authority, they are unchangeable; rule-breakers should be punished
      - 3) Autonomous Morality (10+yo)
        
        rules are negotiable and flexible, and require mutual agreement of everyone involved
      - 1) Pre-Moral (PM) (0-7yo)
        
        rules suck, little/no concern for rules, and they make no sense
- - - - Oral (0-1)
      - Anal (1-3)
      - Phalic (3-6)
      - Latency (7-13)
      - Genital (puberty-death)
- - - - across Lifespan
        
        Individuation = second half of life, integrate ego
- - - - Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) = therapist help client to recognize they want to change, providing a reflection, because client wants to change
      - (Self-Concept)
      - Not an end point, but the journey to get to Ideal Self
      - Self-Actualization
- - - - [How Will Peter Catch a Few Low-Cost Women]
- - - - Satisfice = what is a good enough option; an option that is if you spend more time, you won't get more out of it/ not worth the extra time anymore
        
        ex: leadership/manager role, there are more important things to take care about
- - - - [super fast] "fight-flight" (arousal energy)
    - - [parachute slowly landing] rest and digest
      - Parasympathetic - ACh
- - - - Ribosomes = protein (nutrition)
      - Mitochondria = powerhouse
- - - - not inherited
    - - not inherited
  - - - X Chromosome
        
        ex: Turner Syndrome (missing X Chromosome = 45)
        
        ex: Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY Chromosome = 47)
        
        ex: Triple X syndrome (XXX)
        
        ex: Fragile X Syndrome
        
        most common intellectual disability - Autism/ADHD
        
        1 more item...
        
        ex: Down Syndrome (extra #21 gene)
        
        2 more items...
        
        inherited
        
        chromosome has different shape/#
        
        affect boys :boy::skin-tone-3:
        
        not inherited
        
        low testosterone, tall, breast tissue, low mood, and anxiety
        
        affect girls
        
        not inherited
        
        ovaries do not work, short
      - Y Chromosome
        
        VS.
      - Female = XX
      - Male = XY
    - - ex: Huntington's Disease (on X Chromosome)
        
        inherited
  - - - Dominant = inhibiting sth
        
        ex: brown = dominant
        
        Recessive = don't inhibit sth
        
        ex: blue = recessive
      - 25% to get blue eyes
        
        we can't always tell what genotypes are hidden in brown eyed ppl
        
        75% chance to get brown eyes
    - - Regression of the Mean
        
        ex: IQ - one parent with an IQ of 115 and the other with an IQ of 135; global average = 100; child likely be somewhere between 100 and 135, and more likely to be closer to the mean than being overly smart
      - Repression of the Mode
        
        ex: Father-Daughter middle school dance - ~10-12yo girls and 30-60yo dads; no one 28yo, so take the most frequently occurring number instead of the average
- - - - Stage 3 + 4 = Slow Wave Sleep
      - [At The Special DDR]
        
        Younger person: start with deep sleep first half of night, then more on REM sleep other half of night
      - Age is the biggest factor affecting sleep
      - Men 60+yo have less slow wave sleep than women
        
        okay daytime napping in old age; doesn't affect nighttime sleep
        
        change with age: obstructive sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, or bladder issues
- - - - ex: P in "pin" is different in "spin"
        
        ex: independently - i-n-d-e-p-e-n-d-e-n-t-l-y (13 phonemes)
        
        *ex: bamboozle - b-a-m-b-oo-z-le (7 phonemes)
        
        ex: jail - j-a-i-l (4 phonemes) vs. j-a-y-i-l (5 phonemes)
    - - ex: -s, -ed,
        
        ex: independent vs. independently - in-depend-ent-ly (4)
        
        ex: bamboozle (1 morpheme)
        
        ex: jail vs. jail-ed (2 morphemes)
        
        ex: depend-able-ly (3)
    - - helps filter out the noise, clearer, so learn language faster
- - - - Contempt is the single best predictor of divorce ex: eye rolling, disgust,
        
        ["count empty cans" sounds similar to "contempt" and can help you remember the word. You could also imagine counting empty cans of a food you don't like, which might inspire feelings of contempt]
    - - Age: the longer people wait to get married, the lower risk of divorce
        
        lower SES (more stressors) = higher rate of divorce
        
        divorced previously = higher rate of divorce again
        
        children out of wedlock = higher rate of divorce
        
        mental disorders = higher rate of divorce
        
        Possible tricky question: "which personality trait correlate (pos/neg) to successes/failure to marriage? Neuroticism
    - - Authoritarian (-) = worst outcomes = how unsuccessful the kid in the future on all aspects of life ex: soc/edu/emo (ex: "b/c I said so") vs. Authoritative (+) = best outcome for kids (clear boundaries/rules negotiated/explained, democratic)
        
        Continued parental conflict = more trouble for kids to bounce back (more maladjustment)
        
        than custody/legal rights
        
        immediate negative outcomes: Pre-school aged kids (Separation Anxiety Dx); worse outcomes = Elementary aged kids (old enough to understand what's going on and blame themselves/ parents bad ppl/ marriage is bad)
        
        gender differences: Boys react more initially; Girls react much slower and shows up later in life (long-term) = Sleeper's Effect = delayed reaction for girls
    - - re-marriage: best outcomes when step-parents differ discipline to biological parents (b/c don't want new people to punish you) = confusion/issues
        
        15-16yo struggle most on re-marriage (b/c they were comfortable/routines already set/ready for independence, then suddenly a new person in family, things are shaken up, interupted)
    - - teen-girls (-) = tend to do worse with step-parents; pre-adolescent boys (+) = best with step-fathers
- - - - [benefit people & animals] promote well-being of services, promote phy/psychological help, we can improve the conditions of C, contribute to their welfare, help them select & implement services
    - - [do no harm] don't directly/ incidentally harm others; know your weaknesses/ limitation
  - - - [faithfulness to promises] keep your promises, honor your obligations, don't lie, loyalty is built on trust
    - - protect the public (ex: psych tests, colleagues responsibilities, pro bono services, consult)
  - - - [正直] doing the right thing; accurate, honesty, truthfulness (ex: don't steal, cheat, lie, faud; do what you promised)
  - - - [super man heros] everyone deserves justice from us (equal opportunities to get services from us) regardless of their personal identity; even T's biases/limitation/competencies should not contribute to unjust
  - - - T treat C as autonomous decision making beings (ex: self-determination, privacy, informed consent, condifentiality)
- - - - age: 2-85
    - - age: 16:0-90:11
    - - age: 6:0-16:11
    - - age: 2:6-7:7
- - - - Realistic
        
        Investigative
        
        Artistic
        
        Social
        
        Enterprising
        
        Conventional
      - [RIASEC]
    - - Life Space = roles
        
        age + stage = Career Maturity
        
        Life-Span Theory
        
        Self-concept
      - [luiGi Explores Empty Minded Ducks]
  - - - 1) worker-oriented: [KSAOs] knowledge, skills, abilities, other
        
        2) job-oriented: what EE can expect to do on the job
      - Job Evaluation
      - Job Description
      - Job Specifications
      - Job Analysis
  - - - average predictors (~): Biodata, Cog Ability Tests, integrity test
        
        best predictors (+): work sample, assessment centers (in-basket, leaderless group discussions)
        
        Decision Accurate
        
        (hiring the right person)
        
        (+)
        
        (+)
        
        (-)
        
        (-)
        
        Taylor-Russell Table
        
        (r) criteria-related validity (predict how they do the job now or future)
        
        (SR) selection ratio
  - - - ex: shadowing
        
        ex: job rotations
    - - simulation/ vestibule training
        
        ex: classes/ conferences/ seminars
    - - feedback = do it till you can't get it wrong
        
        identical elements = training match the real job
        
        stimulus variability = changing it up
        
        overlearning = do it till it's second nature
        
        support = keep having training
        
        reinforcement: first, continuous + frequent, then intermittent/ thinning
  - - - liniency/ strictness bias
      - centrality bias
      - confirmation bias
      - recency bias
      - idiosyncratic rater bias
      - halo effect
  - - - 2 more items...
    - - person
    - - person
    - - group
    - - group
- - - - Forebrain (complex development)
        
        ✳Thalamus :train:
        
        all senses slow, except smell :red_cross::pig_nose:
        
        Korsakoff Syndrome :beer:
        
        [thighs melt] Thiamine deficiency
        
        [Coors beer - alcoholism]
        
        atrophy of neurons :red_cross::pig:
        
        Amnestic Disorder = [fill in memory gap] Retrograde and [AA] Anterograde Amnesia
        
        Confabulation
        
        in Korsakoff, fill in memory gaps with false info (Declarative Memory - Episodic)
        
        ✳Hypothalamus (Homeostasis) (Hormones) :arrows_counterclockwise:
        
        Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) :alarm_clock: :sunny::eyes:
        
        Optic Chiasm :alarm_clock:
        
        Circadian Rhythms :last_quarter_moon_with_face:
        
        ex: SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
        
        hunger, thirst, sex/reproduction, blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, need for sleep, emotional reaction
        
        ignore = louder voices for self-care; takes over for survival
        
        uncontrollable laughter, rage, aggression
        
        2 more items...
        
        :train::robot_face: :skull: instinct to explore -> try new things
        
        Hypothalamus
        
        Mammillary Bodies = memory
        
        Pituitary Gland
        
        Anterior pituitary gland = (sex hormones) ovaries and testes
        
        Posterior pituitary gland = (social bonding)
        
        oxytocin = contractions and lactation
        
        1 more item...
        
        vasopressin = regulates water in body
        
        ✳Limbic System :muscle::skin-tone-3:
        
        Amygdala✳ :runner::skin-tone-5: :chestnut: [alarm]
        
        basic emotions (fear, anger, disgust, trauma), emotional memory, (fight-flight-freeze-fawn)
        
        Bilateral Damage: Kluver-Bucy Syndrome
        reduce fear/disgust/anger ex: hyper-orality, hyper-sexual, hyper-phagia (over eat), visual agnosia, PTSD sx
        
        :bulb:Flashbulb memory
        
        :round_pushpin:Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (VPC)
        
        Hippocampus✳ :books:
        
        transfer STM :arrow_right: LTM
        
        link to PTSD shrink hippocampus
        
        Damage: Alzheimer's
        
        1 more item...
        
        stress (cortisol) :red_cross: impairs memories
        
        Damage: Schizophrenia
        
        Damage: Depression
        
        Damage: Bipolar
        
        Cingulate Cortex✳
        
        linking reward and punishment (self regulation), avoid negative emotions, which produces emotional response, pain
        
        Damage: inappropriate emotions/fear, impaired nociception/pain, learning impairments
        
        Damage: Autism, Bipolar, Depression, OCD, PTSD, Schizophrenia
        
        [limb: emotions, memory]
        
        ✳Basal Ganglia :basketball:
        
        (voluntary) Motor control smoothly :raised_hand_with_fingers_splayed:
        
        Damage: Parkinsons (slow)
        
        [gang plays basketball in park]
        
        [gang play basketball]
        
        1 more item...
        
        Damage: Schizophrenia :boy::skin-tone-3:
        
        Damage: ADHD :tiger:
        
        Damage: OCD :rabbit:
        
        Damage: Huntingtons
        
        Damage: Tourette's [swearing]
        
        Damage: motor problems :pill:GABA
        
        *GABA :pill: (inhibit movement)
        
        *Dopamine :pill:
        
        (thinking, memory, sensory processing, regulate basic physio functions)
      - Mid Brain
        
        :information_desk_person::skin-tone-6:Substantia Nigra ✳
        
        reward seeking
        
        Striatum
        
        Caudate :girl::skin-tone-4:
        
        Nigrostriatal Pathway = biggest Dopamine pathway
        
        2 more items...
        
        Putamen :shallow_pan_of_food:
        
        Globus Pallidus :globe_with_meridians:
        
        1 more item...
        
        Nucleus Accumbens :cucumber:
        
        movement
        
        ex: Parkinson = :arrow_down: severe lack of movement
        
        *GABA :pill: (inhibit movement)
        
        GABA
        
        GABA
        
        [Black person plays basketball]
        
        Reticular Formation** :muscle::skin-tone-3:
        
        control pain, forming muscle tone, coordinate eye movement
        
        [tickle monster]
        
        Reticular Activating System (RAS)**
        
        sleep/wake system
        :sleepy::last_quarter_moon_with_face: conscious/arousal, attention, awareness, regulate wakefulness
        
        Ex: "Alexa always listening to her name" (filter and scanning environment)
        
        coma
        
        Ex: Cocktail party
        
        aka Ascending Arousal System
        
        Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)** :racing_car:
        
        *Dopamine :pill:
        
        reward system, motivation, emotions, executive fx
        
        [ATV is dope(mine)]
        
        Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway
        
        Frontal cortex
        
        Superior :eye: (visual processing) and Inferior :ear::skin-tone-3:(auditory processing) Colliculi
        
        Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)
        
        *pain reduction :arrow_down: (Opioids), regulate heart rate :heartbeat:, blood pressure :compression:, autonomic fx (bladder/contraction :toilet:), vocalization :left_speech_bubble:, fearful :open_mouth: & defensive reactions
        
        *GABA :pill:
        
        *Endorphins :pill:
        
        Endorphins
        
        Endorphins
        
        (motor control)
        
        a rely station for sensory + motor signals to send to CNS
        
        Red Nucleus
        
        coordinating muscles in limb + muscle tone
      - Hind Brain (older/develop earlier on)
        
        ✳Cerebellum :soccer::bike:
        
        :children_crossing: control/execute limb movement (detect error and correcting), eye movement, motion memory, balance, posture, equilibrium :desktop_computer:
        
        Damage: Ataxia, drunk :beer:
        
        1 more item...
        
        (ex: Procedural Memory/ Implicit memory -> Involuntary movement/learned motor activity)
        
        cerebellum for habituation, decision making
        
        Pons** :two_men_holding_hands: :bridge_at_night: （朋友）
        
        connector of two sides of cerebellum
        
        sensation of head/face
        
        motor control of eyes/face/mouth + autonomic fx (ex: salivation)
        
        hearing, equilibrium
        
        deep sleep
        
        :pill: NE
        
        NE
        
        Pons + Medulla - NE
        
        Medulla** :skull_and_crossbones: :octopus: :smoking:
        
        sense blood pressure change; make sure oxygen
        
        Breathing :person_with_ball::skin-tone-5: ,Heartbeat :heartbeat: swallowing, sneezing, coughing, vomiting
        
        OD Opioids = :skull_and_crossbones:
        
        Spinal Cord
        
        medulla doing the task, hypothalamus calling the shots (conscious part of the self)
        
        :pill: NE
        
        :arrow_down:Motor/ :arrow_up:Sensory
        
        (balance, breathing, digestion, circulation, swallowing)
      - Cerebral Cortex 80%
        
        Temporal Lobe :ear::skin-tone-3: :pig_nose: :eyes:
        
        Wernicke's Aphasia: (left temporal/parietal lobe);
        no meaning speech
        :red_cross:comprehension
        
        Arcuate Fasciculus - connect between W and B
        
        Damage: Conduct Aphasia - cannot repeat words
        
        Damage: Transcortical Aphasia - can't produce and comprehend speech
        
        Damage: Mixed Transcortical Aphasia = (B+W) able to talk but nothing to say; inability to understand written spoken language; able t oproduce automatic responses, like singing/ repeat phrases
        
        aka Receptive Aphasia/ Sensory Aphasia
        
        word salad
        
        Primary Auditory Cortex
        
        hearing, smell, vision, face/object memory, learning, emotional reaction, understanding language
        
        Schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, Autism
        
        Damage: can't process sensory input, :red_cross:STM/LTM (Declarative Memory), talk non-stop, increase/decrease sexual behavior, aggression
        
        Damage: Auditory Agnosia
        
        Damage: Cortical Deafness
        
        Damage: Prosopagnosia :unamused:
        
        Damage: Agnosia - no knowledge of the word you used to know
        
        Damage: Anomia - can't recall name of object
        
        second largest of 4 lobes
        
        Parietal Lobe :hand::skin-tone-3:
        
        :tomato: Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral Gyrus)
        
        process sensory info
        
        spatial sense, navigation
        
        Damage: (left) read, write, solve Q's; (right) visual problems
        
        3 more items...
        
        touch, temperature, pain
        
        Damage: Tactile Agnosia = inability to recognize objects by touch
        
        Damage: Asomatognosia = unable to recognize parts of your body
        
        Damage: Anosognosia = denial of own illness
        
        Damage: Apraxia = precise movement
        
        Occipital Lobe :eye:
        
        Primary Visual Cortex
        
        color, orientation (size, shape), movement
        
        Damage: visual hallucination, blindness, can't see color/motion/orientation, Synesthesia
        
        Schizophrenia, Bipolar, Autism
        
        like Synesthesia (yellow-7)
        
        40% of nerves are connected to our retina
        
        DA - retina
        
        Bilateral Damage: Prosopagnosia = can't recognize familiar faces
        
        Damage: Achromatopsia = loss of color vision; result from a lack of cones
        
        Damage: Visual Agnosia
        
        Damage: Color Agnosia
        
        Frontal Lobe :runner::skin-tone-2:
        
        Broca's Aphasia: (left) can't produce speech; :heavy_check_mark:comprehension
        
        Damage: Global Aphasia - affect all language impairments (B+W)
        
        aka Expressive Aphasia
        
        slow speech, repetitive, words, nouns, verbs
        
        1) Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus) = execute a movement by sending signals directly to the muscles
        
        Premotor Cortex = control movement in response to external stimuli; process 30% of the info from spinal tract
        
        Supplementary Motor Cortex = planning and control of movement; sequence of movement (step-by-step), execution movement, store motor skills
        
        Somatotopic = point-to-point to specific movements
        
        1 more item...
        
        [instructions: step 1, 2, 3]
        
        [send signals to muscle]
        
        Damage: contralateral weakness/paralysis on the opposite of the body
        
        2) Higher order fx, executive fx, planning, decision making, problem solving, self-control, memory, emotions control, social interactions, language
        
        Disinhibition Syndrome/Emotions Sociopaths = emotional labile
        
        Dis-executive Syndrome = [torsal] unable to plan, judgement impaired, memory impaired, no task switching
        
        Akinetic Syndrome = apathetic, no motor behaviors
        
        1 more item...
        
        1 more item...
        
        Episodic Memory
        
        Prospective Memory
        
        largest of the 4 lobes
      - ✳Neurotransmitters
        
        ✳Dopamine (DA)
        
        pleasure, rewards, mood, movement, sleep, personality, memory, motivation
        
        2 more items...
        
        ✳Acetylcholine (ACh)
        
        PNS, activating muscles, arousal, attention,
        
        1 more item...
        
        ✳Glutamate
        
        brain plasticity - causes things to change, the amplifier of emotions, learning and memory, movement
        
        3 more items...
        
        Damage: too much = Cell damage and death :skull_and_crossbones: (found in fast food)
        
        Dx: Huntington's, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Schizophrenia, epilepsy, stoke
        
        “primary exhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain”
        
        VS.
        
        like in Alcoholism
        
        ✳Endorphins
        
        pain, pleasure, sex, well-being, food intake
        
        Analgesic effect = reduce pain
        
        1 more item...
        
        works with DA to reward experiences
        
        ✳GABA
        
        (Gamma-Aminobutyric acid)
        
        suppresses anxiety, arousal, mood, memory, motor control, sleep
        
        :beer:alcohol and :pill:benzodiazepines :arrow_up:increases of GABA = sedative effects
        
        3 more items...
        
        “primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the brain”
        
        ✳Norepinephrine (NE)
        
        increases heart rate/ blood pressure (stress)/ "fight-flight", arousal, attention, alert, mood, memory, sleep, learning,
        
        1 more item...
        
        1 more item...
        
        3 more items...
        
        Sympathetic - NE
        
        VS.
        
        ✳Serotonin (5-HT)
        
        promotes a sense of wellbeing and happiness, arousal, mood, appetite/hunger, sleep/migraines, sexual activity, pain
        
        :
        
        1 more item...
        
        2 more items...
        
        Excitatory (80%)
        
        Inhibitory (20%)
        
        Combo
    - - Corpus Callosum :bridge_at_night:
        
        Left - Logical Language [Launch]
        
        Right - Neg-emotions, creativity [angry hippies]
        
        ✳Split-Brain Study Results
        
        toy car
        
        right (-): can see, but can't say
        
        left (+): can see and say "triangle"
        
        ex: left hand holding an apple, right hand holding a toy car
- - - - Cones (less) - see color :rainbow:
      - Optic Disc = Blind Spot
        
        brain fill in the gaps
      - Rods (more) - see light :dark_sunglasses:
        
        highest acuity vision
- - - - ✳ Retroactive
        
        old address <- new address
      - ✳ Proactive
        
        old password -> new password
  - - - (30secs)
        
        (degrades with age)
        
        primary passive: phone#
        
        working active: math problems
      - affected by age: reduce (processing speed)
      - ex: medial thalamus
        
        Thalamus
    - - mins, hrs, yrs, forever
        
        ✳Implicit (Procedural) (non-declarative) [How]
        
        ex: Cerebellum - muscle memory
        
        ex: Basal Ganglia
        
        ✳Explicit (Declarative) [What]
        
        ✳Semantic [meaning] :male-artist::skin-tone-3:
        
        knowledge, concepts, facts, words, names, dates
        
        ✳Episodic :film_projector:
        
        ex: Prefrontal + Medial Temporal Lobe (memory)
        
        :spiral_calendar_pad: Perspective memory ex: remember appointment coming up
        
        :bulb: Flashbulb memory
        
        (degrades the fastest)
        
        lack of Acetylcholine, related to Alzheimer's = degradation of episodic and semantic memory
        
        ex: Thalamus + Mammillary Bodies --> in Korsakoff, fill in memory gaps with false info (Declarative Memory - Episodic)
        
        from STM to LTM ex: Hippocampus = spatial memory
        
        Recent
        
        (min-2yrs)
        
        Secondary memory
        
        affected by age: b/c struggle to get it in (encoding) and out (retrieval)
        
        Remote
        
        (yrs-forever)
        
        Tertiary Memory
    - - (1-2 secs)
        
        Iconic
        
        0.5 sec
        
        Echoic
        
        0.2 sec
        
        not affected by age
  - - - :arrow_left:
        
        (make unfamiliar familiar)
      - ex: explain it verbally = know your :poop:
  - - - Cue-Dependence* (-)
    - - State-Dependence* (+)
        
        encoding learning with the state of studying ex: chew gum when studying ex: smell to studying more associations the better (metaphors, analogies)
  - - - 20% JND
        
        ex: 10% of 10 is 1, but 10% of 100 is 10
        
        percent change
        
        ex: increase weight, need 20% then another 20% to keep feeling the difference added
    - - Exponential Growth (growing faster) :fire:
        
        what stimuli matters, not just percent change
        
        ex: shock "don't feel it, dont feel it, barely feel it, FEEL IT -OW!"
    - - Logarithmic (growing slower) :snail:
        
        20% -> 25% JND
        
        ex: 10% of 10 = 1, 13% of 100 = 13... more extreme logarithmic relationship.
        
        Percentage is the same, but the absolute amount is increasing.
        
        ex: brightness / candle in dark room :candle: "I see it, still see it, still see it"
    - - Open vs. Close Gate
        
        relieve pain ex: cold/hot temp, distraction, guided imagery, hypnosis
- - - - 9m
        
        12m
        
        18m
        
        2yo
        
        7yo
        
        11yo
        
        1 more item...
        
        language: coherent sentences
        
        language: telegraphic speech (18-24mo) 2 words (ex: mama bye-bye)
        
        language: first word (11-13mo)
        
        language: holophrastic speech (12-15mo) one word meaning
        
        language: Echolalia (9mo) imitate speech without knowing meaning
      - Vision: first few months: begin eye-tracking - humans developed white sclera (white part of your eye) because it made it much easier for other humans to see where a person was looking which makes communication and collaboration more fluid; Babies start to piece together the mouth movements, the sounds, and the things people are looking at in order to associate words with objects and ultimately, ideas;
- - - - Primary appraisal: WHAT IS IT? heart races; Secondary appraisal: HOW WILL I COPE? I must be in danger; Re-Appraisal: IS IT WORKING?
    - - Dutton and Aron (1974) supports Schachter and Singer
  - - - ✳Heuristics = rule of thumb; (unconscious rule)
        
        familiar = safe ; unfamiliar = unsafe
        
        ex: don't touch stove
        
        ex: treat every gun like loaded
        
        Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic = innate, deep roots (top-down)
        
        ex: small rock (anchor - set point) -> big rock (adjustment)
        
        Availability Heuristic :timer_clock: = what is most recent and available
        
        ✳Base Rate Fallacy :scales:= tendency to ignore base rates (data) in favor of other, less relevant info
        
        ex: 80% fd cook is good, ignore 20% not successful
        
        Representative Heuristic :silhouettes: = the most common case, is the best case
      - ✳Bias = preference; tendency to follow rule; not random (unconscious/conscious)
        
        Cognitive Bias ** = decision based on heuristic
        
        ex: Tribalism - want to associate familiar people than not
        
        ✳Confirmation Bias = tendency wanting to be right; find ways to confirm it
        
        ex: tall fat man tend to be mean
        
        ✳Self-Verification Bias = tendency to associate/ hear things that confirm our perspective/ opinions/ identity; find ways to confirm it
        
        ex: "I'm a bad cook" (not fishing for compliments)
        
        :crystal_ball: Illusory Control * = superstitious behavior*; believe one can exert control in an unrealistic way
        
        ex: wera red underwear for lucky power
        
        Illusory Correlation *= believe things that are not connected, connected
        
        (believe correlation is causation) ex: every line I go, slows down (see patterns that don't actually exists) (humanly needs/want to make predictions)
        
        Counterfactual Thinking * :football: = had something happened different in the past, "shoulda, woulda, coulda" have let to a different outcome
        
        ex: could've been in the best dance school if I hadn't move to US
        
        ✳False Consensus = seeing our own attitudes, beliefs, behaviors as being typical, and overestimate how much others agree with you
        
        ex: "I love pizza, so does everyone else"
        
        ✳Self-Serving = you want to be right so if turns out good you take credit, but if it goes bad then you feel it is due to the situation
        
        ex: "I didn't pass the test because it is too hard, can't be because I didn't study enough"
        
        ✳Actor-Observer = tend to blame bad in your life on situation but for others you blame on them
        
        ✳Fundamental Attribution Error = [damage others] our tendency to blame other's internal qualities
        
        ex: one's lateness means lazy, but actually TBI
        
        ✳Group Attribution = tend to agree with the group as a way to fit in
        
        Covariation Model of Attribution** = based on observation, "why are other people like __?"
        
        ✳Serial Position = remember the first and the last but struggle with the middle
        
        Gambler's Fallacy * = decision being swayed by previous outcomes
        
        ex: asylum judges :male-judge::skin-tone-4:
        
        Availability Bias: = how easily to recall that event
        
        Perceptual Bias ** = (top-down) hardwired; guide what is relevant to us
        
        ex: white of our eyes to communicate what we're seeing
        
        ex: Müller-Lyer illusion
        
        ex: Ponzo illusion
    - - (unfamiliar = unsafe = follow anyway)
  - - - ✳Peripheral = external factors impacting (outsource)
        
        ex: peer pressure
        
        ex: endorsed by a celebrity
      - ✳Central = give facts, data, technical details (insource)
        
        ex: benefits of the product (Volvo - safety of the car) (Toyota - good engine)
      - persuasion happens in 2 ways
    - - ex: A likes B, B hates prius, A then hates prius
    - - (it's better to think the same way as others for survival b/c more advantage to other animals - Tribalistic way)
        
        ✳Informational Influence = believe you don't know all the info ex: "yes, what they said!" (actually believe)
        
        ✳Normative Influence = ex: "yea, sure, that is what other's said" (don't actually believe)
    - - ex: change of temp, light in room, new observer
    - - ex: bring top-dogs down a few notches
    - - ✳Cohesion
      - ✳Hetero/homogeneity
    - - Halo Effect = like s/o even though the characteristic has nothing to do with hiring;
        Horn Effect = hate s/o even though the characteristic being evaluated has nothing to do with hiring
    - - Altruism = selflessly do sth for others
      - Egoism = helping others to relieve stress for me
    - - ✳Robber's Cave Experiment :snow_capped_mountain::man-man-boy: = 11yo boys made to not like each other, but put in situation to work together (prejudice dropped), then liked each other at the end
      - ✳Group Polarization =
      - ✳Jigsaw Method :rocket: = in classrooms to help ppl learn; each member teach one side of the project
  - - - [CDR-II]
        
        Conformity = ['White is good'] - prefers dominant/majority group over own
        
        Dissonance = [questioning] has conflicting attitudes toward own & dominant group
        
        Resistance & Immersion [go back to own roots; resist white] = prefers own group and rejects dominant group
        
        Introspection [questioning/movement] = is concerned about inflexible attitudes toward own & dominant group
        
        ethnic match
        
        Integrative Awareness [multicultural] = has pride in own heritage; accepts/rejects cultural values based on examination
        
        1 more item...
        
        ethnic match
        
        work with minority T
        
        work w/ white T
    - - Isolation *
        
        Sensitization (Feeling Different) = happens before puberty (~10-13yo); involves a sense of "feeling different" from same-gender peers
        
        Self-Recognition (Identity Confusion) = happens during adolescence (~13-18yo); feelings of differentness become increasingly associated with sexuality, which leads to confusion, disorientation, and internal conflicts
        
        Identity Assumption = happens in early adulthood; involves dealing with social stigma and integrating one's sexuality with a sense of self
        
        ex: immerse self in the gay/lesbian subculture
        
        Commitment (Identity Integration) = acceptance of one's sexual orientation as a way of "who I am"
      - Puberty
        
        Adolescent
    - - [PEII]
        
        Pre-encounter = ['White is good'] low salience, internalized racism about African American/Blacks
        
        Encounter = [question/conflict] an event happens that led them to be aware of racial inequality and increase interest in developing a Black identity
        
        Immersion & Emersion = [go back to own] high salience; begins to develop a Black identity
        
        Internalization = [multicultural] continues to have high salience, adopts three identities: (1) pro-Black, (2) non-racist / Black Nationalism (3) Biculturalist / Multiculturalist
        
        ethnic match
        
        anti-black
- - - - 10yo
        
        10-13yo
        
        13-17yo
        
        17-19yo
        
        (Teen)
        
        18yo
        
        Adult
        
        65yo
        
        2 more items...
        
        late adolescent
        
        mid-adolescent
        
        early adolescent
        
        Childhood
        
        Adolescent
      - middle childhood