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NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS - Coggle Diagram
NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
Nation and Nationalism
after the liberal revolutions
Nation
was used to describe human communities with shared cultural traits
and that were sovereign or aspired to be by constituting a nation-state
Nationalism
ideology that advocates the right of people who define themselves as a nation
influenced by
Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna
organised the map of Europe based on their interests
helped generate nationalist aspirations.
development of the liberal economy
internal markets free of privileges
influenced nationalism
uniform laws throughout the territory
favoured economic growth and industrialisation.
Liberalism
state power in national sovereignty and citizenship
the great monarchies were absolutist regimes
people felt liberal and nationalist at the same tim
nationalist movements
unifying movements
unifying movements
The independence of Latin america
Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808
had repercussions in Latin America
governments in America formed juntas locales as government bodies
people, most of whom were criollos
criollos demanded that these juntas be open, and not only be for the colonial authoritie
the establishment of the juntas marked the start of the road to independence for the Latin American nations.
other reason
urban development
influence of liberalism and of the independence of the United States
the marginalisation of criollos from the powerand interference of Great Britain
formation of the southern american states
independence process was violent
After regaining the Spanish throne to Fernando VII
he refused to make changes in the colonies
major revolt broke out in Mexico in 1810
e rebellions led by Bolívar and San Martín in New Granada 1811 Río de la Plata 1816
declared themselves independent
Both liberators met in Peru witch gained independence after the Battle of Ayacucho
Leaders of latin american independence
Simón Bolívar
(1783–1830)
rich criollo who owned a lot of land in Venezuela
studied in Spain and travelled in Europe
influenced by liberal ideas
likened Spain’s control of America
dreamed of a new unified American nation
Gran Colombia (never achived)
José de San Martín
(1778–1850)
born in the province of Corrientes, argentina
parents were Spanish
served in the Spanish army for 22 years
he joined a liberal lodge whose members supported the independence of the South American colonies.
troops crossed the Andes from Argentina to Chile and liberated Peru
In his own words, he supported not strong men, but strong civil power.
Concequences of the emancipatin of latin america
Economic consequences
Spain’s economic dependence was replaced
Great Britain and the United States
Latin America continued without true economic independence.
Political consequences
system of government in the new countries was a republic
military imposed itself on civil government
caudillismo, authoritarian leaderships and frequent coups d’état.
Social consequences
criollos obtained the political power
Slavery was abolished in most countries
The unification of germany
After the Napoleonic Wars
German Confederation replaced the Holy Empire
powerful Kingdom of Prussia maintained an authoritarian and disciplined political and military organisation
south was the Austrian Empire
part was within the German Confederation
German territories that depended on Denmark
Diet
German Confederation assembly
chaired by the Austrian emperor
It was opposed to liberalism and nationalist movement
collided with the economic interests of the urban bourgeoisie and liberal ideas
1834
Prussia took the initiative and created the Zollverein
excluding the Austrians
commercial union, included a single railway network throughout the entire German territory
economic developmen
encouraged the middle class to fight for unification
The Revolution of 1848
mportant impact on German cities
democratic and social demands
frightened the middle class
German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, under the reign of William I led the unification in an authoritarian, not liberal, manner
1864
He declared war on Denmark
to gain control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein
1866, Austria was defeated at the Battle of Sadowa.
Bismarck planned the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
The French were defeated at the Battle of Sedan and the Prussians occupied Paris
Second German Empire
universal manhood suffrage
1871
Otto von Bismarck
(1815–1898)
strong personality
important influence on European politics in the second half of the 19th century
Because of him
unified Germany was the centre of many imperialist agreements and diplomatic alliances of lasting historical significance.
The unification of Italy
mid-19th century
Italy divided into many territories with different political systems
north-west
independent kingdom, Piedmont-Sardinia
ruled by the Savoy dynasty
rest of the north
occupied by Austria
richest region
included Milan and Venice.
Naples and Sicily in the south
monarchy governed by the Bourbon dynasty
duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena
located in the central area
Pope Pius IX reigned over the Papal States
capital in Rome
Cavour
prime minister of Piedmon
allied with the French
1859
defeated the Austrians at the battles of Magenta and Solferino
duchies of the central area and the northern part of Italy were added to Piedmon
Shortly afterwards
Naples and Sicily were occupied by nationalist revolutionary Garibaldi
annexed to Piedmont.
pope had to renounce the Papal States
confined to Vatican City
the pontiff did not recognise the annexation and a long diplomatic conflict began
resolved in 1929, with the Lateran Treaty
The end result
The end result was a unified country, Italy
moderate political regime , parliamentary monarchy and censitary suffrage
apital was Rome
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, king of Piedmont
Leaders
Giuseppe Garibaldi
(1807–1882)
a revolutionary spirit
led his volunteers to conquer the south
handed over the territory to the king of Piedmont-Sardinia
Giuseppe Mazzini
(1805–1872)
founder of the newspaper and movement Giovine Italia
he was a Carbonari
wanted a unified Italy with
a republican
unification process was more moderate due to Cavour’s intervention
democratic system
deep social reforms
