NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS

Nation and Nationalism

The independence of Latin america

The unification of germany image

The unification of Italy image

after the liberal revolutions

Nation

was used to describe human communities with shared cultural traits

and that were sovereign or aspired to be by constituting a nation-state

Nationalism

ideology that advocates the right of people who define themselves as a nation

influenced by

Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna

development of the liberal economy image

Liberalism

state power in national sovereignty and citizenship

internal markets free of privileges

organised the map of Europe based on their interests

influenced nationalism

helped generate nationalist aspirations.

the great monarchies were absolutist regimes

people felt liberal and nationalist at the same tim

uniform laws throughout the territory

favoured economic growth and industrialisation.

nationalist movements

unifying movements

unifying movements

Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808

had repercussions in Latin America

governments in America formed juntas locales as government bodies

people, most of whom were criollos

criollos demanded that these juntas be open, and not only be for the colonial authoritie

the establishment of the juntas marked the start of the road to independence for the Latin American nations.

other reason

urban development

influence of liberalism and of the independence of the United States

the marginalisation of criollos from the powerand interference of Great Britain

formation of the southern american states image

independence process was violent

After regaining the Spanish throne to Fernando VII

he refused to make changes in the colonies

major revolt broke out in Mexico in 1810

e rebellions led by Bolívar and San Martín in New Granada 1811 Río de la Plata 1816

declared themselves independent

Both liberators met in Peru witch gained independence after the Battle of Ayacucho

Leaders of latin american independence

Simón Bolívar image

José de San Martín image

(1783–1830)

(1778–1850)

rich criollo who owned a lot of land in Venezuela

studied in Spain and travelled in Europe

influenced by liberal ideas

likened Spain’s control of America

dreamed of a new unified American nation

Gran Colombia (never achived)

born in the province of Corrientes, argentina

parents were Spanish

served in the Spanish army for 22 years

he joined a liberal lodge whose members supported the independence of the South American colonies.

troops crossed the Andes from Argentina to Chile and liberated Peru

In his own words, he supported not strong men, but strong civil power.

Concequences of the emancipatin of latin america


Economic consequences


Political consequences


Social consequences

criollos obtained the political power

system of government in the new countries was a republic

Spain’s economic dependence was replaced

Slavery was abolished in most countries

military imposed itself on civil government

caudillismo, authoritarian leaderships and frequent coups d’état.

Great Britain and the United States

Latin America continued without true economic independence.

After the Napoleonic Wars

German Confederation replaced the Holy Empire

powerful Kingdom of Prussia maintained an authoritarian and disciplined political and military organisation

south was the Austrian Empire

part was within the German Confederation

German territories that depended on Denmark

Diet

German Confederation assembly

chaired by the Austrian emperor

It was opposed to liberalism and nationalist movement

collided with the economic interests of the urban bourgeoisie and liberal ideas

1834

Prussia took the initiative and created the Zollverein

excluding the Austrians

commercial union, included a single railway network throughout the entire German territory

economic developmen

encouraged the middle class to fight for unification

The Revolution of 1848

mportant impact on German cities

democratic and social demands

frightened the middle class

German chancellor Otto von Bismarck, under the reign of William I led the unification in an authoritarian, not liberal, manner

1864

He declared war on Denmark

to gain control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein

1866, Austria was defeated at the Battle of Sadowa.

Bismarck planned the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine

The French were defeated at the Battle of Sedan and the Prussians occupied Paris

Second German Empire

universal manhood suffrage

1871

Otto von Bismarck image

(1815–1898)

strong personality

important influence on European politics in the second half of the 19th century

Because of him

unified Germany was the centre of many imperialist agreements and diplomatic alliances of lasting historical significance.

mid-19th century

Italy divided into many territories with different political systems

north-west

rest of the north

Naples and Sicily in the south

duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena

located in the central area

monarchy governed by the Bourbon dynasty

independent kingdom, Piedmont-Sardinia

occupied by Austria

Pope Pius IX reigned over the Papal States

capital in Rome

ruled by the Savoy dynasty

richest region

included Milan and Venice.

Cavour

prime minister of Piedmon

allied with the French

1859

defeated the Austrians at the battles of Magenta and Solferino

duchies of the central area and the northern part of Italy were added to Piedmon

Shortly afterwards

Naples and Sicily were occupied by nationalist revolutionary Garibaldi

annexed to Piedmont.

pope had to renounce the Papal States

confined to Vatican City

the pontiff did not recognise the annexation and a long diplomatic conflict began

resolved in 1929, with the Lateran Treaty

The end result

The end result was a unified country, Italy

moderate political regime , parliamentary monarchy and censitary suffrage

apital was Rome

Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy, king of Piedmont

Leaders

Giuseppe Garibaldi image

Giuseppe Mazzini image

(1805–1872)

(1807–1882)

a revolutionary spirit

led his volunteers to conquer the south

handed over the territory to the king of Piedmont-Sardinia

founder of the newspaper and movement Giovine Italia

he was a Carbonari

wanted a unified Italy with

a republican

democratic system

deep social reforms

unification process was more moderate due to Cavour’s intervention