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Ideology - Coggle Diagram
Ideology
Opposition: ideas and ideologies
The development of socialism and the emergence of the social revolutionary party
The
Great Famine of 1891-92
, highlighted the need for rural reform. Students began to adopt a new form of
populism
, in the form of
violent protest
.
Social revolutionary party
was founded in
1898
, it was a loose organisation comprising of a variety of views:
Combined
Marxist
teachings with
populist ideas
in a specifically 'Russian' revolutionary programme.
Tried to combine
peasants and workers
to fight for
land redistribution
.
Attempted to stir up discontent in countryside and strikes in towns.
Tried to disrupt the government with assassinations (
2000 between 1901 - 1905
).
Assassinated Stolypin, the Prime minister, in 1911
.
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The influence of Marxism and the development of the Social Democratic Party.
Marxist theory
became more attractive to Russian People following industrialisation.
1898
, new
Social Democratic Party
was created out of various Marxist groups - believed in some of same principles as
SR's
but adopted a different approach.
1903
- the party split into
Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
1903
- at
Secondary Party congress
Lenin carried vote favouring a
centralised party structure
and claimed his supporters were in the Majority.
Divisions hardened so severely that by
1906
there were effectively two different
Social Democratic parties
.
Social Democratic workers party
- Beliefs:
The
working class
had and will be exploited by their masters.
The future of Russia would be the product of class struggle.
Impetus for change had to come from the
working men
themselves.
Bolsheviks (Majority)
- Led by Lenin, Beliefs:
Centralised and disciplined organisation of
professional revolutionaries
.
Total dedication to revolution not compromised by
political alliances
.
Mensheviks (Minority)
led by Martov, beliefs:
Broad party with a Mass
working class
membership
Supported idea of
cooperation with liberal parties
.
Era of the Dumas
Political groups
Social Democratic workers party
(Bolsheviks + Mensheviks) - Split in
1903
.
Bolsheviks
, Led by Lenin and believed in centralisation and the role of the proletariat.
Mensheviks
- believed in cooperation with bourgeoisie and peasants for legal opposition.
Social revolutionaries
- Favoured populist ideas of redistribution of land and nationalisation. Left of party was Terrorism.
Trudoviks
- a non-revolutionary breakaway from SR party of
moderate liberal views
with no formal programme. Favoured nationalisation of non-peasant land and democratic representation. Supported by peasants and intelligensia.
Kadets
- central liberal party which favoured a constitutional monarchy with parliamentary government.
Octoborists
- moderate conservative party, accepted the
October manifesto
and opposed further concessions.
Rightists
- conservative views, such as the
Union of Russian People
: favouring monarchism, chauvinism, orthodoxy and antisemitism. Also included the '
Black hundreds
'
Autocracy of Alexander II
There was a optimism in Russia in this era for liberal revolutionaries. Varies reforms seemed to transform the Russian state.
In
1866
an
attempted assassination attempt
shook the emperors confidence. This lead to a
more repressive policy
.
From
1881
,
Alexander III
had a reign which was characterised by a similar
reactionary
ideal, 'total faith in the strength and righteousness of our autocratic power'.
Reaction
Attempted assassination of Alexander II
April 1866
, a former student of noble status,
Dmitry Karakozov
, shot at Alexander but missed.
A polish immigrant the following year fired upon a carriage carrying Alexander but hit a horse and cavalryman.
April 1879
,
Alexander Soloviev
, fired at Alexander 5 times without success.
December 1879
, a bomb intended to blow up the Tsar was set on the wrong train.
February 1880
, a mine under the
Winter palace
by a revolutionary failed to kill the Tsar as he was late.
Reasons for distancing from reform
1865
, Alexander IIs eldest son died of Tuberculosis. He withdrew from public appearance and distanced himself from reform.
Developments as well as
Multiple assassination attempts
drove him more allof.
Persuaded by
reactionaries
scared of the spread of
Western ideas
to make a series of new appointments in
1866
:
Tolstoy
minister of education - replace Liberal
Golovnin
.
Timashev
as minister of internal affairs, to replace
Valuev
.
Shuvalov
as head of the
third section
(secret police).
Police, law and control
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Pahlen
as minister of Justice.
Education
Tolstoy
was a staunch Orthodox believer and felt a tight control over education was essential to eradicate
Western liberal ideas
.
Zemstva
powers over education were reduced , the Church regained control over schools and
gimnazii
ordered to follow traditional classical curriculum.
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Loris-melikov Constitution
The late
1870s
were a time of political crisis in Russia. Army was bogged down in
Russo-Turkish war
(1877-78),
Famine
spread through the countryside (1879-80), and an
Industrial recession
began.
Decided following attempts on his life that unrest might only be curbed by widening democratic consultation.
Melikov
was appointed minister of internal affairs releasing political affairs, relaxing censorship and lifted restrictions on the activities of the
Zemstva
.
The
third section
was abolished (
1880
) and powers transferred to normal police.
Okhrana
was created which was just as oppressive.
In
1880
, Loris-Melikov produced a report in response to zemstvo demands. Recommended the inclusion of
elected representatives
of the nobility, of the
Zemstva
, and of the tow governments in debating the drafts of some
state decrees
.
Alexander II
accepted and signed the decree on
13th March 1881
, he was killed by a bomb later that day.