Nationalism: Independence and unifications
Nation and Nationalism
The Independence of Latin America
The Unification of Germany
The Unification of Italy
Nationalism was influenced by different causes
Liberalism was important when establishing the legitimacy of state power in national sovereignty and citizenship
Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna had organised the map of Europe based on their interests
The development of the liberal economy also influenced nationalism
Unifying movements aspired to bring people with a common culture together
Independence movements, countries which sought independence
The ideas of the united states influenced Latin America
The independence process was violent
Leaders of Latin America
Simon Bolivar
He was a rich criollo who owned a lot of land in Venezuela
He was influenced by liberal ideas
He dreamed of a new unified American nation, Gran Colombia, but he never achieved that aim
Consequences of the emancipation of Latin America
Social Consequences
The criollos obtained the political power they wanted and consolidated their economic power
Political Consequences
There was a situation of caudillismo, with authoritarian leaderships and frequent coups d’état
Economic Consequences
Latin America continued without true economic independence
The German Confederation replaced the Holy Empire
The German Confederation had an assembly, called the Diet
It was opposed to liberalism and nationalist movements
Prussia therefore took the initiative and created the Zollverein or Customs Union
It promoted economic development and encouraged the middle class to fight for unification
Otto von Bismarck led the unification in an authoritarian, not liberal, manner
Bismarck planned the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
Italy was divided into many territories with different political systems.
To the north-west, there was an independent kingdom, Piedmont-Sardinia
The rest of the north was occupied by Austria. It was the richest region
Naples and Sicily in the south formed a monarchy governed by the Bourbon dynasty
The duchies were in the central area and Pope Pius IX reigned over the Papal States
Cavour, prime minister of Piedmont, allied with the French and unified most Italian states
The pope had to renounce the Papal States and was confined to Vatican City
The end result was a unified country. It had a moderate political regime and parliamentary monarchy and censitary suffrage
