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B5 (Homeostasis, Nervous System, The Endocrine System, Puberty and Sex…
B5
Homeostasis
The regulation of the condition inside you body or cells. It maintains a stable internal environment in response to changes in internal and external conditions
Receptors - To detect stimuli (changes in the environment).
Coordination centres - To receive and process information from receptors and organise a response.
Effectors - To produce a response to counteract change and restore optimal conditions.
- Body Temperature
- Blood Glucose Levels
- Water Content
Nervous System
Cells that carry information as electrical implies in the nervous system. The nervous system means that humans can react to their surroundings and coordinate their behaviour.
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Central Nervous System (CNS) - Consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is connected to the body by sensory neurons and motor neurons.
The Endocrine System
Endocrine System - Made upon glands that secrete chemicals (hormones) directly into the bloodstream, which carries them to the target organs.
Pituitary Gland - Stimulates other glands
Thyroid - Produces thyroxine
Adrenal Gland - Produces adrenaline
Pancreas - Produces Insulin
Ovaries - Produce oestrogen
Testes - Produce testosterone
Thyroxine - Plays a role in regulating the basal metabolic rate and is important for protein synthesis for growth and development.
Puberty and Sex Hormones
Puberty - When the body starts releasing sex hormones, which trigger the development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g. Facial hair and breasts in females)
In men the reproductive hormone is testosterone, this stimulates the production of sperm
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Reducing Fertility
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Hormonal Methods
- Pill - Includes hormones and stops egg maturing
- Implant - Releases hormones to stop egg maturing
- Injections/Patches
- IUD - Blocks Fallopian tubes so sperm can't reach the egg
Non-Hormonal Methods
- Condoms - Prevents sperm entering the uterus
- Sterilisation - A permanent surgical procedure which makes you infertile
- Spermicides - Kills sperm
- Stop Sex - Stop with sexual intercourse
Reflex Arcs
Reflexes - Rapid, automatic responses to certain stimuli that don't involve the conscious party of the brain. They can reduce the chance of injury
- Stimulation of pain receptor
- Impulses travel along sensory neuron
- Impulses passed along relay neuron
- Impulses travel along the motor neurone
- Muscle contracts and arm moves
Diabetes
Type 1
Cause - Pancreas produces no or little insulin
Effect - Blood glucose can rise to dangerously high levels
Treatment - Insulin injections
Type 2
Cause - Cells no longer respond to insulin properly
Effect - Blood glucose can rise to dangerously high levels
Treatment - Carbs controlled diet and regular exercise
Increasing Fertility
IVF - Collecting eggs and in a lavatory the sperm is injected in to the egg and then one or 2 of them are transferred in tot he women's uterus.
Negatives
- Emotionally and physically stressful
- Low success rate
- Can lead up to multiple births, can be dangerous for the mother or baby.
Synapse
The connection between two neurons. A nerve signal is transferred across a synapse by the diffusion of chemicals.
Periods
Stage 1 - Menstruation starts, Uterus lining breaks down.
Stage 2 - Uterus lining builds up into thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready to receive fertilised egg.
Stage 3 - Egg develops and is released from ovary - This is ovulation
Stage 4 - Wall is maintained. If no fertilised egg lands on wall, lining breaks down and cycle starts again.