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06 SPAIN, BETWEEN ABSOLUTISM AND LIBERALISM - Coggle Diagram
06 SPAIN, BETWEEN ABSOLUTISM AND LIBERALISM
THE REIGN OF FERNANDO VII AND THE RETURN TO ABSOLUTISM
DÉCADA OMINOSA
In 1823
Fernando VII came back to power
Treaty of the Holy Alliance between absolutist powers
the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis
restored the absolutist throne
he
took anti-liberal and conservative measures
reinstated the Inquisition
closed universities
he started to make contact with Doceañistas
to ensure that his daughter Isabella can succeed him
absolutists supported Fernando’s brother, Carlos
Carlist Party
In 1820
troops under Lieutenant Colonel Riego
restored the Constitution of 1812
revolted against Fernando VII in Cabezas de San Juan (Sevilla)
Trienio Liberal
period of conflict between
moderate liberals (Doceañistas)
radical or fanatic liberals and absolutists
In 1833
Isabel inherited the throne thanks to
the Pragmática Sanción
that replaced the Salic Law(forbade succession by women)
the reason for First Carlist War.
THE REIGN OF ISABEL II: MODERATE LIBERALISM
ALTERNATION IN POWER AND MILITARY REBELLIONS
Isabel selected the country’s prime ministers
from a group of moderate politicians
therefore
the progressives resorted to a military uprising
coup d’état
supported by popular uprisings.
The Década Moderada (1844–1854)
The government’s position was very conservative
Constitution of 1845
the progressives were marginalised
The Democratic Party ( defended universal manhood suffrage)
was suppresed
The Bienio Progresista (1854–1856)
rebellion the Vicalvarada
a group of moderate, progressive and democratic troops seized power
The desamortización of Madoz
industrial development
the building of railways was promoted
Attempts were made to liberalise politics
The moderates were afraid of a revolution
the queen handed them power
Crisis of moderantism (1856–1868)
The Moderate Party and the Liberal Union alternated in power
remarkable economic growth during the early years
in 1865
great social unrest
international economic crisis
coup d’état was planned from overseas
Pact of Ostend (1866)
signed by
Progressives
democrats
republicans
Liberal Union
1868
military rebellion that started a revolution
great military presence between 19th century-Civil war in 1936
Many Spanish prime ministers, both moderates and progressives,
were military men
Espartero, Narváez, O'Donnell and Prim
CARLISM
Carlos María Isidro of Bourbon (1788–1855)
contender for the Spanish throne
staunch absolutist
the Carlists
gained significant support in areas of Spain
the survival of each region’s unique feudal rights
Basque Country
Navarra
Cataluña
part of Valencia
First Carlist War (1833–1840)
the Second Carlist War (1846–1849)
Third Carlist War (1872–1876)
At the beginning of her reign
she had two regents
General Espartero (1840–1843)
her mother María Cristina (1833–1840)
the foundations for the new liberal regime were laid
Military victory over the Carlists
The Carlists supported absolutism
Isabel’s supporters wanted a transition to moderate liberalism
First Carlist War (1833–1840)
which was won by Isabel’s supporters
Establishment of a constitutional monarchy
the monarchy still maintained a large portion of power
executive power
shared the legislative power with the parliament.
judicial power was in the hands of the courts
Two-party system (both liberal)
the Moderate Party
sovereignty
monarchs and parliament
restricted censitary suffrage
Catholicism as official religion
Progressive Party
sovereignty
parliament
censitary suffrage but less restricted
freedom of religion
Constitutions
Two constitutions
in 1837
written by the progressive parliament
against the regent María Cristina’s wishes
in 1845
approved by a moderate parliament
favoured by the young queen
sovereignty was no longer exclusively in the hands of the monarch
inequality before the law of the society divided into estates of the realm was abolished
a series of citizens’ rights were recognised
Centralism
moderantism imposed a strongly centralised government
Desamortizaciones
land was expropriated by the state
to be sold at public auction
It affected
city councils (communal and personal assets)
the Church
whose power was limited
The two main desamortizaciones were carried out by
progressive governments of
Mendizábal (1836)
Madoz (1855)
the state had
the financial resources
to fight against the Carlists
SEXENIO DEMOCRÁTICO: DEMOCRATIC LIBERALISM
AMADEO I
did not have the support of the parliamentary parties
he lost his most important supporter, General Prim
was opposed by
republicans
Carlists
the Church
the Partido Alfonsino(supported Isabel II’s son Alfonso’s claim to the throne)
GENERAL PAVIA’S COUP D’ÉTAT (1874)
the government was weakened by
Carlism
workers’ protests with the heavy weight of anarchism
the war against the Cuban independence movement
enabled Alfonso of Bourbon to return to the throne
September 1868-January 1874
democratic liberal regime in Spain
The Revolution of 1868
organised by progressive General Juan Prim and General Serrano
La Gloriosa
Isabel II went into exile in France
Sexenio Democrático began
In 1869
Spanish Parliament approved a new constitution
Spain’s most advanced fundamental law to date
national sovereignty
universal suffrage
freedom of religion
extension of the declaration of rights
The democratic monarchy under Amadeo I (1871–1873)
the Parliament did not want a Bourbon monarch
Italian candidate supported by Prim (Amadeo of Savoy)
great instability
Prim was assassinated the day of the arrival of Amadeo I
The new king abdicated
the Spanish Parliament declared the First Republic
(1873–1874)
four presidents during this 11-month period
Figueras
Pi i Margall
Salmerón
Castelar
none of them managed to resolve the political disagreement
amongst republicans about the degree of federalism the state should have
