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Quiz Mindmap (English) - Coggle Diagram
Quiz Mindmap (English)
8a: USA, USSR and China - Relationships of Superpowers
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8b: Intervention
The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
- Justification for clear and strong goals in dealing with spread of communism.
- Supporting the idea of a possible "Domino Theory".
- Truman Doctrine proposed March 12, 1947
- Official announcement of American containment policy.
- Split the world along bipolar lines.
- Marshall Plan announced on June 5, 1947.
- Objective: revitalizing a functioning economy in the world.
- Enabling political and social conditions for free institutions.
The Soviet Response towards the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan
- Juli 1947: Auftritt des sowjetischen Außenministers Wjatscheslaw Molotow auf einer Tagung in Paris.
- Anweisung Stalins: Ablehnung der US-Hilfe im Rahmen des Marshall-Plans.
- Drängen anderer osteuropäischer Staaten zur Ablehnung der US-Hilfe.
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- The Marshall Plan aims to split Europe into two camps and, with the help of the United Kingdom and France, create a bloc of several European countries hostile to the interests of the democratic countries of Eastern Europe, and in particular the interests of the Soviet Union.
- The plan attempts to confront the countries of Eastern Europe with a bloc of Western European states including West Germany.
- The plan uses West Germany and German heavy industry (the Ruhr Region) as one of the key economic bases for American expansion in Europe, without regard to the national interests of countries that have suffered from German aggression.
Origins of the Invervention Policy
- US containment policy important in American diplomacy during the Cold War.
- Origins in George F. Kennan's Assessment of Soviet Government Ideology and Goals.
- "X-Article" in Foreign Affairs by Kennan in July 1947, official title: "Sources of Soviet Conduct"
- Article a public statement on the need for US containment policy, originally in "Long Telegram" to US Secretary of State in February 1946.
- Kennan argues: potentially aggressive behavior and mistrust of Soviet leadership is based on "the Kremlin's neurotic view of world affairs" which is based on "traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity".
The Intervention Policy of the USA in Action: the Korean War (1950-53)
- Defeat of Japan after World War II: Korea divided at the 38th parallel and administered by a US-Soviet Joint Commission.
- Soviets set up a communist government under Kim Il-Sung in the North (DPRK).
- In the South, US-backed Syngman Rhee is elected (Republic of Korea).
- Russian and American troops withdraw in 1949 and leave a tense situation behind.
- Both sides claim to be the legitimate government of the peninsula.
- North Korean troops invade South Korea on June 25, 1950.
- First open conflict and proxy war of the Cold War.
- USA ready to act more aggressively and send troops to Korea.
- UN leads efforts
- Chinese foreign minister warns of US control over North Korea.
- Chinese intervene as American troops cross the 38th.
- UN troops pushed back and stalemate reached at 38th parallel.
Why did President Truman decide to intervene in Korea?
- Truman wanted to enforce the goals of his doctrine.
- He believed that the North Korean attack on South Korea was orchestrated by Stalin to spread communism in Asia.
- A quick response would ensure that the policy of appeasement, which was unsuccessful in containing Hitler, would not be repeated.
- He believed that sending in US troops in a joint effort with the UN would boost the organization's image.
- As a Democrat, Truman was heavily criticized by Republicans after Senator McCarthy accused the State Department of "Communist infiltration."
Why did Chairman Mao decide to intervene in Korea?
- The Chinese feared an attempt to attack mainland China by US-backed Chinese nationalists in Taiwan or elsewhere.
- Concern over statements by US General MacArthur expressing a desire to invade China and reinstate Chiang Kai-shek's nationalists in mainland China.
- Mao and the Chinese leadership wanted North Korea as a buffer state between themselves and US influence in South Korea.
- Some historians have claimed that Mao agreed to intervene in Korea as part of a deal with Stalin in which he hoped to obtain Russian aid for his "Great Leap Forward" and gain access to nuclear technology.
Their intervention had several consequences:
- UNO declares PR China as aggressor in Korea and refuses seat in UN Security Council.
- US impose total trade embargo on communist China.
- USA move 7th Fleet in Taiwan Straits to prevent PRC against GMD on Taiwan.
- China gains prestige from standoff against superpower USA.
- Mao and Red China remember Stalin's withdrawal of support and lack of cooperation in Korea
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- Containment policy during the Cold War, various forms of application. .
- Role of the United States: from passive support (economic aid, strategic leadership) to active use (American troops, weapons).
- Third World countries as a battleground for superpowers for global dominance.
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