LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS
THE RESTORATION IS OVERTURNED
THE CONSOLIDATION OF LIBERAL REGIMES
Revolutionary movements in Europe
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1820
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1830
THE REVOLUTIONARY WAVE OF 1848
The Holy Alliance took part in military interventions and reinstated absolutism
Holy Alliance declined
Absolutist troops did not penetrate Portugal due to British opposition
Portuguese revolutionaries establish a constitutional regime.
There were revolutionary outbreaks in France and Russia
Easily stopped
A democratic assembly declared Greece’s independence
That was supported by many European liberals
The king of France, Louis XVIII, was succeeded by Charles X
Who hoped to reign in an absolutist way ignoring the limits of his redecessor’s French Charter
Groups of
Intellectuals
Students
Workers
Organised the July Revolution
Against the absolutist tendencies of Charles X within an economic crisis
A parliamentary monarchy was established under Louis Philippe of Orleans
Recognised national sovereignty
Abolished censorship
Extended the right to vote.
The Belgians
Proclaimed their independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Established a parliamentary monarchy subject to a constitution.
Louis Philippe of Orleans’ reign was becoming more conservative
Causing discontent among radical liberals
Workers
Suffered the most from the effects of an intense international economic crisis
The Second French Republic was proclaimed
Played an important part in establishing universal manhood suffrage
Measures to guarantee employment
Social advances and the role of the workers
Led to fear and opposition from the bourgeoisie
A workers’ uprising was repressed by the army
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Was later elected president
He proclaimed the Second French Empire
Was crowned Napoleon III
Revolution of 1848
Spread to cities in:
The progressive articulation of the labour movement
Pressure to extend citizens
Right to vote started to increase
Democrats
They defended universal manhood suffrage’.
Parliamentary representation expanded in regimes with census suffrage
Through changes in the electoral systems
Deputies represented
The concerns of the upper bourgeoisie
The middle classes
They organised themselves into political parties
To promote their ideas and interests
France
Under the Second French Empire
A regime was established that maintained universal manhood suffrage
There was no real separation of powers
Everything depended on Napoleon III.
No elections
The emperor called plebiscites or referendums
Great Britain
Britain’s monarch was Queen Victoria
British parliamentarism became very stable
With power alternating between two political parties
The Liberal Party
The Conservative Party
Much of the success of British politics
Was due to reforming its laws to increase representation
Prussia and Austria
The Revolution of 1848 led to the establishment of censitary suffrage and constitutional texts
Freedoms were limited
by the power of their sovereigns.
Austria
The mobilisation of the Hungarian nationalists converted the two countries into a dual monarchy
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Two capitals
Governments
Parliaments
A single sovereign
The United States
Extended universal manhood suffrage made considerable progress
Several states recognised it for white men
Great territorial expansion to the west
Resulted in the submission of the indigenous population
Violent repression of any resistance
The indigenous tribes were confined to reservations
Their territories were occupied by white settlers.
The northern states wanted to abolish slavery throughout the Union
But the southern states opposed this
They tried to form an independent state
Confederate States of America
Led to the American Civil War
The more liberal and industrialised North won the war,
Under the leadership of President Abraham Lincoln, all slaves were freed.
Republicans and the Democrats
Fought to gain power in elections
Confederate States later passed laws that took the vote from black and poor white citizens
They also established racial segregation
Frequent violence against black people
The state of Wyoming was the first to recognise women’s suffrage
Industrialisation and American economic prosperity attracted mass immigration from Europe
Their poor living conditions led to many health and public order problems in cities