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METABOLISM TEMPERATURE REGULATION, Internal Heat Input, Heat Gain, Heat…

- - - - Heat Input
        
        Total body heat
        content
        
        Heat
        output
    - - Heat loss from body
        
        60% from radiation
        
        22% from evaporation
        
        15% from conduction to air
        
        3% conduction to objects
      - Heat Transfer
        
        Radiation
        The transfer of heat energy from a warmer object to a cooler object in the form of electromagnetic waves (“heat waves”), which travel through space.
        
        Conduction
        The transfer of heat from a warmer to a cooler object that is in direct contact with the warmer one. The heat is transferred through the movement of thermal energy from molecule to adjacent molecule
        
        Convection
        The transfer of heat energy by air currents. Cool air warmed by the body through conduction rises and is replaced by more cool air. This process is enhanced by the forced movement of air across the body surface.
        
        Evaporation
        Conversion of a liquid such as sweat into a gaseous vapor, a process that requires heat (the heat of vaporization), which is absorbed from the skin
      - Sweating
        
        Sweating is a regulated evaporative heat loss process
        
        Under sympathetic nervous control
        
        Rate of heat loss can be adjusted
        
        Sweat must be evaporated for heat loss to occur
- - - - Heat loss and gain
        
        Skin Temperature
        
        Core Temperature
  - - - Peripheral thermoreceptors in skin
        
        Hypothalamic centers for thermoregulation (body's thermostat)
        
        Motor neurons
        
        Skeletal muscles
        
        Muscle tone,
        shivering
        
        Adjustments in muscle activity (in metabolic heat production)
        
        Sympathetic
        nerves
        
        Smooth muscle in
        arterioles in skin
        
        Vasoconstriction,
        vasodilation
        
        Adjustment in loss or conservation of heat
        
        Sympathetic
        nerves
        
        Sweat glands
        
        Sweating
        
        Adjustment in
        heat loss
        
        Voluntary changes in behavior
        
        Adjustments in heat production or heat loss
    - - Central thermoreceptors in hypothalamus, abdominal organs, and elsewhere
  - - - Increased Heat Production
        
        Increased muscle tone
        
        Shivering
        
        Increased voluntary exercise*
        
        Nonshivering thermogenesis
      - Decreased Heat Loss
        
        Skin vasoconstriction
        
        Postural changes to reduce exposed surface area (hunching shoulders, etc.)*
        
        Warm clothing*
    - - Decreased Heat Production
        
        Decreased muscle tone
        
        Decreased voluntary exercise*
      - Increased Heat Loss
        
        Skin vasodilation
        
        Sweating
        
        Cool clothing*
- - - - The higher the skin temperature, the lower the set point
        
        The lower the skin temperature, the higher the set point
        
        Anticipatory mechanism to moderate the need for large responses
  - - - Macrophages
        
        Endogenous pyrogen
        
        Prostaglandins
        
        Hypothalamic set point
        
        Initiation of “cold response”
        
        Heat production; heat loss
        
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