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Educational psychology: a tool for effective teaching, imagen, imagen,…
Educational psychology: a tool for effective teaching
It is the branch that specializes in understanding, teaching and learning in educational settings
Historical Background
The Behavioral Approach
B.F. Skinner's behavioral approach involved attempts to precisely determine the best conditions for learning
Developed '
programmed learning
' which involves reinforcing the student's behavior after each of a series of steps until the student reached a learning goal.
Pioneers:
William James:
Launched the first psychology text book, 'Principales of Psychology (1890). Discussed the applications of psychology to educating children.
Emphasized the importance of obbserving teaching and learning in classrooms for improving education.
E.L. Thorndike:
Focused on assessment and measurement and promoted the scientific motives of learning
Schooling's most important tasks is to sharpen children's reasoning skills.
Educational psychology must have a scientific base and should focus strongly on measurement.
John Dewey:
Established the first major educational psychology laboratory in the USA. (Chicago, 1984).
Viewed the child as an active learner. Argued that children learn best ny doing.
Education should focus on the whole child and emphasize their adaptation to the environment.
Children should learn how to be reflective problem solvers and deserve to have a complete education.
Mamie and Kenneth Clark
conducted research on African American children's self-conceptions and identity.
Kenneth Clark became the first African American president of the American Psychological Association.
Latino psychologist
George Sánchez
conducted research showing that intelligence tests were culturally biased against ethnic minority children
The Cognitive Revolution
Benjamin Bloom created a taxonomy of cognitive skills that included:
Remembering
Synthesizing
Evaluating
Comprehending
Applying the concepts of cognitive psychology helped the students to learn and addressed goals and needs of classroom educators as well.
Effective Teaching
Effective teachers use strategies supported by methods of goal setting, instructional planning, and classroom management.
Understand how to motivate communicate and work with student including those of varying skill levels and culturally diverse backgrounds.
Subject-matter competence
Having a thoughtful, flexible, conceptual understanding of subject matter.
Includes knowledge about organizning ideas, connections among ideas, ways of thinking and arguing , patterns of change within a discipline, and the ability to carry ideas from one discipline to another
Instructional Strategies
Constructivist instruction
It is a learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively costructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher
Children should be encouraged to explore their world, discover knowledge, reflect and think critically with careful monitoring.
Direction instruction
Characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students' progress, maximizing sstudent learning time, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum.
Thinking Skill
Effective teachers communicate good thinking skills, like critical thinking, which involves thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence.
Classroom Management Skills
Keep the class working together as a whole and oriented toward classroom tasks.
Establish and maintain an environment in which learning can occur.
Effective teachers need a repertoire of strategies for establishing rules and procedure, organizing groups, monitoring and pacing classroom activities, and handling misbehavior.
Communication and Motivational Skills
Effective teachers give students the opportunity to be creative and think deeply aboout projects. Teachers also need to establish high expectations for students' achievements
Skills in speaking, listening, overcoming barriers to verbal communication, tuning in to studetns' nonverbal communication, and constructively resolving conflicts.
Working effectively with students from culturally diverse backgrounds
Teachers must be knowledgeable about people from different cultural backgrounds and sensitive to their needs.
Teachers should encourage students to have positive personal contact with other students of diverse backgrounds.
Teachers must guide students in thinking critically about ethnic and cultural issues while reducing student bias and cultivate acceptance.
