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Place - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Wholesalers bear the costs of storage, thereby freeing up space for retailers, intermediaries and manufacturers.
      - By breaking bulk, wholesalers sell smaller batches of products to retailers and intermediaries. This helps to eliminate their need to purchase large quantities directly from a manufacturer.
      - There are lower transactions costs (such as invoicing and transportation) for the manufacturer, as wholesalers are the customers, not the countless smaller individual retailers and intermediaries.
      - Frees up time for manufacturers to focus on production, as wholesalers deal with distribution issues and problems.
  - - - Personal selling allows the sales agents to demonstrate how the product actually works and enables customers to ask questions relating to the product.
  - - - Independent retailer
        
        They are small local vendors, often owned by a sole proprietor. They usually sell a small range of products or are specialist outlets such as a hair salon.
      - Convenience stores
        
        are small retail businesses that stock a limited range of everyday fast-moving consumer goods, such as beverages, confectionery, groceries, over-the- counter medications, toiletries, newspapers and magazines and lottery tickets.
      - Multiple retailers (or chain stores)
        
        are retailers that have numerous outlets, such as H&M, Starbucks
        
        They can benefit from brand recognition and brand loyalty.
      - Supermarkets
        
        are retailers that sell mainly foodstuffs and groceries.
        
        Due to their large-scale operations, supermarkets tend to buy their produce and other products directly from manufacturers, thereby cutting out wholesalers.
      - Department stores
        
        are retail outlets that sell a large range of products to the general public, such as furniture, jewellery, kitchen equipment, clothing, toys and cosmetics.
        
        It is quite common that franchisors or distributors run different parts of the store
        
        Department stores are built over several floors and are located in busy retail districts.
      - Hypermarkets (or superstores)
        
        are huge outlets that stock a broad range of products, such as foodstuffs and consumer durables.
        
        Due to their enormous size, they tend to be located in out-of-town areas where the space is available and the cost of land is more affordable
        
        hypermarkets are built on one floor
  - - - E-commerce
        
        trading via the Internet.
        
        effective way to reduce the costs and risks of international marketing
        
        not all products are suitable for online distribution
        
        the growth in the number of credit cards issued around the world, as well as users of mobile devices, has also propelled distributors and businesses that have an online presence.
      - Vending machines
        
        Vending machines are specialist machines that stock products for sale, such as cigarettes, drinks, snacks, toys and even hot meals.
        
        compact size, they can be placed almost anywhere
        
        allow customers to pay by a range of smart card methods, including credit cards and debit cards, thereby enhancing their convenience.
        
        running costs and maintenance costs are minimal.
        
        Due to the low capacity of any single vending machine, only a small range of products can be sold via this distribution channel.
        
        vending machines can be prone to vandalism and mechanical failures, which will halt sales
      - Mail order
        
        Mail order is a speciality channel of distribution that enables customers to order products via the postal system.
        
        The convenience of being able to order from home helps to entice customers to purchase a firm's products.
        
        the cost of producing comprehensive and up-to-date catalogues is high
        
        the shelf life is relatively short due to changing prices and new products being added to the market.
        
        Mail order is often associated with direct mail
        
        major limitation of direct mail is that people tend to regard much of the correspondence as junk mail so there is a low response rate,
        
        direct mail - the use of unsolicited advertising materials sent to prospective clients via the mail.