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Sexual Assault on College Campuses - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Groups of students that are more susceptible to sexual assaults are mentioned in all of these sources.
    - - "Another student called graduate school a “marginalized space without a lot of oversight” that lacks “modeling of healthy behavior” leading to “a lot of potential for abuse of power.” This student reflected on how power differentials that exist between graduate students and those they work with can create barriers to help-seeking."
        
        "SVSH affects all members of a university campus, but most obviously impacts women, people of color, and queer individuals, in part due to policy and problematic social norms which create increased vulnerability associated with marginalized identities. Thus, combatting SVSH is not just an issue of justice, but one of equity that is necessary in academia’s purported commitment to diversity and inclusion, as many graduate students alluded to."
        
        "One student shared that the most appropriate first step in caring for survivors is the university leadership “simply talking to survivors,” but that something as simple as that is “so beyond what I see the UC ever doing.” Ultimately, students want to see a shift in how survivors are viewed in academia and to have a voice in sharing what survivors want from university leadership."
- - - - "These findings relay the importance of ensuring that universities respond properly to sexual assault disclosure from their students as the case studies highlight the prevalence of sexual assaults on campuses. The instances of Gray, Hale, Qin, and Riddle are four examples of a large phenomenon occurring on university campuses, which are the poor university responses to sexual assault cases."
        
        "Gray, Qin, Riddle, and Hale all provided policy recommendations for their universities. First, Gray noted that there are insufficient numbers of staff at the Sexual Violence Response Office at York, and those who do work there lack the specific expertise to deal with sexual assault issues. Gray suggested hiring more staff, specifically staff who are specialized in handling sexual assault cases (Mehta, 2017). Her second recommendation was that all students that are involved in the legal system as a result of an alleged sexual assault should have access to counseling services at the university, something that does not currently exist (Mehta, 2017).
        
        "First, Qin suggested that the university staff who deal with the investigations or act on tribunals and administrative panels must be trained in sexual assault issues. She noted that this job cannot be filled by untrained individuals, rather it is a sensitive issue that requires trained professionals, such as psychologists, counsellors, and therapists (Xing, 2017). Second, Qin suggested that the reporting process be condensed so that survivors do not have to relive their assault longer than they need to. She noted that it took half a year for the university to begin to take her case seriously."
- - - - "Social justice is a communal effort dedicated to creating and sustaining a fair and equal society in which each person and all groups are valued and affirmed."
        
        "It (social justice) encompasses efforts to end systemic violence and racism and all systems that devalue the dignity and humanity of any person. It recognizes that the legacy of past injustices remains all around us, so therefore promotes efforts to empower individual and communal action in support of restorative justice and the full implementation of human and civil rights."
        
        "Social justice imperatives also push us to create a civic space defined by universal education and reason and dedicated to increasing democratic participation."
- - - - "More than 16 percent of college women are sexually assaulted while in college."
        
        "On college campuses it is not the person jumping out of the bushes or in the parking lot who is going to rape or sexually assault you. It is the person whom you know, the person you may have classes with, the person you see at a party. You think it's the people we don't know that you should be worried about, but it's really the people we do know that you should be worried about." -Danielle Dirks, author of "Confronting Campus Rape"
        
        Many colleges first job is to "protect the institution from harm, not the student from harm." -Claire Bond Potter
- - - - "Though many women experience harassment and assault on campus, they are often reluctant to notify officials because they worry they won’t be believed or might face retaliation. As a result, official reports vastly understate its occurrence."
        
        "Despite numerous studies showing that rape is common on campuses, 89% of colleges and universities reported zero incidents of rape. AAUW’s analysis of 2016 data reported under the federal Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act (Clery Act), which requires colleges and universities who participate in federal financial aid programs to disclose campus crime statistics and security information, shows that the vast majority (89%) of 11,000 college and university campuses failed to disclose even a single reported incident of rape that year, even though there are numerous studies showing that campus rape is common."
        
        "Altogether, 77% of campuses reported zero incidents of sexual assault, including rape and fondling, domestic violence, dating violence and stalking — a shocking statistic that speaks to the inadequacy of reporting structures rather than the frequency of the events."
- - - - "13% of all students experience rape or sexual assault through physical force, violence, or incapacitation (among all graduate and undergraduate students) Among graduate and professional students, 9.7% of females and 2.5% of males experience rape or sexual assault through physical force, violence, or incapacitation."
        
        "Male college-aged students (18-24) are 78% more likely than non-students of the same age to be a victim of rape or sexual assault. Female college-aged students (18-24) are 20% less likely than non-students of the same age to be a victim of rape or sexual assault."
        
        "Only 20% of female student victims, age 18-24, report to law enforcement. Only 32% of non student females the same age do make a report. More than 50% of college sexual assaults occur in either August, September, October, or November. Students are at an increased risk during the first few months of their first and second semesters in college."
- - - - "At Virginia Tech, four sexual assaults were reported in one November week. At the University of North Carolina, one individual was linked to three sexual assaults in as many months this fall. And at Indiana University, school police have been investigating more than two dozen sexual assault cases on the flagship Bloomington campus this semester — more than the total number of sexual assaults reported each of the past three years."
        
        "Even before students returned to campus, advocacy groups were expressing heightened concern about the “red zone,” the period from August to late November when roughly 50 percent of sexual assaults occur at colleges during any given year. New students unfamiliar with campus life are especially at risk of assault..."
        
        "New Title IX regulations were finalized last year by then-Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos that set new rules for questioning during sexual assault hearings and limit what constitutes sexual harassment, guidelines designed to offer more protections to students accused of sexual violence. Advocates for sexual assault victims are calling on the Biden administration to repeal the rules, stressing that many assaults are not reported and recent rule changes will exacerbate that problem."
- - - - "The AAU study found that students who identified as transgender, genderqueer or nonconforming, questioning, or not listed (referred to as TGQN in the report) were most at risk for sexual assault by force or through incapacitation (12% for undergraduates) followed by undergraduate women (10.8%) and TGQN graduate students (8.3%)."
        
        "Using their extensive set of interviews as a basis, they constructed a set of six principle regarding the information seeking behaviors of domestic violence survivors, although they argue these principles are broad enough to be applied to ordinary information-seekers as well. The six principles are:
        
        information needs to arise from the help-seeker's situation.
        
        the decision to seek help or not seek help is affected by many factors;
        
        people ted to seek information that is most accessible;
        
        people tend to first seek help or information from interpersonal sources, especially from people like themselves;
        
        information seekers expect emotional support; and
        
        people follow habitual patterns in seeking information"
        
        In the ISSAS model, the information-seeking process begins with appraising a need, which is informed by the stage of healing a person is experiencing (for example, needs in Stage One have to do with reestablishing a sense of safety, perhaps by locating a safe place to stay). Upon recognizing the need, the person considers whether help is available. The double arrow between appraisal of needs and perception of available help indicates that, if the person does not perceive that help is available, she or he is not going to continue the process of seeking that help and may go back to reassess needs -- or may decide that for now the need cannot be met.
- - - - "Because approximately 50% of college women have experienced some form of unwanted sexual activity (Abbey, Ross, & McDuffie, Citation1996) and college populations are more at risk for sexual assault than their non-college-attending peers (e.g., Karjane, Fisher, & Cullen, Citation2005), many researchers are interested in understanding factors that influence sexual violence and what can be done to prevent it within college communities."
        
        "A federal law requires that all campuses that receive federal funding have policies related to sexual assault. Potter, Krider, and McMahon (Citation2000) analyzed campus sexual violence policies from 100 campuses. They found that most focused on deterrence and risk reduction rather than policies to promote healthy behaviors. A recent report by Karjane, Fisher, and Cullen (Citation2005) reviewed efforts in numerous campus communities around the nation, and found that although many communities offered support services for victims, few communities provided extensive training related to sexual assault."
        
        "The current study showed the greatest knowledge gain for participants who engaged in a discussion of the policy and participated in an activity dealing with its real world implications, rather than simply listening as it is read aloud...the current study also showed the utility of including prevention messages that focus on promoting more positive and healthy behaviors (Berkowitz, Citation2001). In this case, the focus was on discussions of the importance of consent to healthy relationships."