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05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS, Garazi García Antruejo,…
05 NATIONALISM: INDEPENDENCE AND UNIFICATIONS
NATION AND NATIONALISM
Nation
human communities with shared cultural traits and that were sovereign by constituting a nation-state.
Nationalism
the political interpretation of National identity
Influenced by
Liberalism
important to establish the legitimacy of the state
Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna
Europe organised by interests
generated nationalist aspirations
liberal economy
Economic help between nations
nationalist movements
unifying movements
bring people with a common culture together
independence movements
sought independence from other nations
THE INDEPENDENCE OF LATIN AMERICA
Juntas were estabilished
start of the independence for the Latin American nations
Urban development
Independence process
Fernando VII refused to make changes in the colonies
some states proclaimed independence
Mexico in 1810
a revolt broke out
rebellions led by Bolívar and San Martín
Simon Bolívar
criollo from Venezuela
He dreamed with Gran Colombia
Peru proclaimed independence
Battle of Ayacucho (1824)
CONSEQUENCES OF THE EMANCIPATION OF LATIN AMERICA
Social consequences
criollos obtained the political power
Slavery was abolished
minority class was discriminated
Political consequences
republic
military imposed itself on civil governments
led to Caudillismo
frequent coups d’état
Economic consequences
Spain lost its main sources
Latin America had no economic independence
THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY
German Confederation
coordinated the economies of separate German-speaking countries
replaced the Holy Empire
Some states in Austria and others in Denmark
Diet
Austrian assembly
Zollverein
Customs Prussian assembly
economic development
middle class fought for unification
The Revolution of 1848
German chancellor Otto von Bismarck
led the unification of Germany
declared war on Denmark
for Schleswig and Holstein
Austria was defeated at the Battle of Sadowa
annexed of Alsace and Lorraine (France)
Prussians occupied Paris
Second German Empire (Second Reich)
universal manhood suffrage
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY
In the mid-19th century
Italy divided into many territories
The North-west
Piedmont-Sardinia
ruled by Savoy dynasty
independent kingdom
Rest of the north
occupied by Austria
included Milan and Venice
Naples and Sicily
a monarchy governed by the Bourbon dynasty
The duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena
located in the central area
Papal States
capital in Rome
Pope Pius IX
Union
Cavour, prime minister of Piedmont
allied with the French
defeated the Austrians
duchies of the central area and the northern part added to Piedmont
Garibaldi
occupied Naples and Sicily
The pope
had to renounce the Papal States
Vatican City
Result
unified Italy
Parliamentary Monarchy
Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
censitary suffrage
capital Rome
great imbalances between the north and south
Garazi García Antruejo
