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The state and Globalisation - Coggle Diagram
The state and Globalisation
The Nation-State and National Sovereignty:
A nation-state is an independent self-governing body whose citizens possess a shared identity based on factors such as language, ancestry, and culture.
a nation-state is also sovereign.
According to realists, the sovereign nation-state is the most important actor in global politics.
how sovereign states react with each other while protecting their sovereignty, has been linked to the way in which billiard balls collide with each other, without damaging their outer shell.
realists say that since the nation-state claims sovereign power, there is no greater authority greater than the nation-state.
the 193 nation-states recognized by the UN represent the key actors in global politics.
The Nation-State and National Sovereignty, Cont:
the primacy of the nation-state in global politics is in accord with Westphalian principles of state soveiegnty.
the peace of Westpahlia, which ended the Thirty Years War, was based upon the recognition of the inviolability of state borders.
Types of globalisation
Economic globalisation:
the process through which the global economy becomes more closely connected by free trade.
The Bretton Woods institutions (WB, IMF, and the WTO) drive forward economic globalization by encouraging nation-states to reduce tariffs and embrace global trade.
economic globalization has also been advanced by the growth of global financial markets.
This has been facilitated by the internet so that capital can be instantaneously invested almost anywhere in the world.
The prosperity of a nation-state is determined by the amount of foreign direct investment that it can attract.
Political globalization:
how nation-states increasingly share power.
IGOs provide opportunities for nation-states to collectively resolve shared dilemmas.
NGOs also provide an important contribution to global dialogue. Global media organizations are highly influential in determining how international events are broadcasted.
international figures can advance political debate through the establishment of global agencies. Global celebrities have contributed to a global debate about gender equality.
significant progress in developing innovative approaches to reducing carbon emissions is being led by billionaires in the Breakthrough Energy Coalition.
Examples:
IGOs: IMF, WTO, ICJ, G7, G20, and the UN.
NGOs: Human Rights Watch, Save the Children, and Friends of the Earth.
Global media organizations: Fox broadcasting
International figures and Global celebrities: Clinton foundation, Emma Watson.
Billionaires: Bill Gates, Mark Zuckerberg, and Jeff Bezos.
Regional organizations: EU
the way nation-states across the world have joined together in regional organizations challenges the nation-states as the key actor.
political globalisation creates a cobweb model of decision-making based on overlapping and mutually supporting bodies.
it's polycentric because so many states and non-state actors are involved in the process
Cultural globalisation:
the process by which the differences between cultures become less significant, this is the result of the popularisation of brands and trends across the world.
This process can be called Coca-colonization.
Barber says cultural globalization creates a 'McWorld' where the rich variety of different global cultures is homogenized into a bland cultural experience.
CG is also closely associated with materialism as globally people want access to the same consumer experience.
it's also connected to Americanisation because of the way nation-states across the world have been influenced by the American cultural experience.
Globalisation and conflict:
liberals claim that globalization reduces conflict because political globalization enables nation-states to cooperate in IGOs to resolve collective dilemmas.
economic globalization creates so many supply-chain connections between nation-states that it would irrational for them to go to war with each other.
Although economic globalization increases global wealth, it distributes wealth unequally, this creates resentment within and between nation-states.
as the developing world becomes more economically powerful, its creating more unemployment in traditional manufacturing industries in the developed world.
the loss of these jobs to the developing world has been a key factor in the rise of nationalist parties in Europe and Trump's 'America first' commitment.
This creates an economic conflict of interest between the developed and the developing worlds.
evidenced by the trade war between China and the US, which broke out as a result of Trump's imposition of extensive tariffs on Chinese exports to the US.
global and regional migration has led to new competition for jobs. this has also led to the rise of nationalist parties such as the French National Front and Alternative for Germany.
the internet facilitates the spread of extremist ideas such as Islamism and right-wing nationalism which threaten conflict.
Arguments on globalisation
Hyperglobalisers:
argue that globalization has led to a decisive readjustment in the location of power.
growing trade connections, capital, and information flows, cultural homogenization, and the rise IGOs have combined to undermine the importance of the nation-state.
the way the independent decision-making power of nation-states has been reduced by globalization is leading to a post-sovereign state borderless world.
Globalisation skeptics:
respond that the nation-state is still the key actor in global politics.
nation-states are often reluctant to abandon their sovereignty to institutions of global governance.
the Trump administration's introduction of high tariffs to protect its industry from foreign competition demonstrates the limits of economic globalization.
governments in China (Xi), Russia (Putin), the US (Trump), and Turkey (Erdogan) have achieved popularity by advancing nationalist policies and rejecting the shared cultural values associated with globalization
Transformationalists:
agree with hyperglobalisers that globalization has irrevocably changed the world.
but, they suggest that nation-states are adapting to globalization rather than being 'hollowed out' by it.
This is shown by the way nation-states like the US and China have become so powerful as a result of global free trade.
instantaneous communication can also extend a nation-state's influence. Russia Today (RT) does this on behalf of Russia.
local cultures can adapt to monoculture: Bollywood derives from Hollywood but is very culturally distinct.
Globalization challenging the sovereignty of nation-states
The limits of economic globalization:
nation-states can still try to manipulate globalization to their advantage to limit its influence.
China has ignored global criticisms that it has devalued its currency so that it can boost its exports.
The Trump administration pulled out of the Trans-Pacific Partnership because it didn't believe that it served the USA's economic interests.
in order to protect American industry, in 2018 the Trump administration also placed a 25% tariff on steel imports and a 10% tariff on aluminum imports.
This demonstrates the way nation-states can abandon the principles of free trade if it conflicts with what they see as being to their economic advantage.
economic globalization has threatened job security in the EU and has led to the growing popularity of populist movements which are designed to protect workers' rights and security.
in 2018, President Macron of France, was forced to make concessions to the 'gilets jaunes' as a result of their anti-globalization protests.
this concession included an increase in the minimum wage, to be paid for by a national tax on TNCs, such as Apple, Google, Facebook and Amazon.
The impact of economic globalization:
since the Cold War, countries across the world have embraced the principles of neoclassical economic liberalism.
This has limited economic choices available to nation-states since in order to attract trade and investment, they need to conform to the main free-market principle of the Washington consensus.
nation-states have a strong incentive to keep corporation taxation low and to lightly regulate business since this will encourage foreign investment.
WB and IMF SAPs require recipient nation-states to adopt free market reforms, this includes privatisaiton, cutting taxes and reducing the role of state in the economy.
the decisions that international investors make over where to invest, and where TNCs will open and close factories, are crucial in determining the prosperity of a nation-state.
The effect on nation-states across the world of the financial crash caused by the collapse of the Lehman brothers demonstrates how tightly economic globalization has linked the world economy.
the economic fortunes of nation-sytates are often determined by forces beyond the control of their governments.
The impact of political globalization:
IGOs -
IGOs such as the UN, ICJ, and WTO provide opportunities for a collective response to shared problems.
the UN Responsibility to Protect (UNR2P)(2005) displays that the sovereignty of nation-states is conditional upon them not committing mass human rights abuses.
The growth of regional organizations shows how nation-states are prepared to pool their sovereignty to advance their collective interests.
The impact of political globalization, Cont:
NGOs -
non-state actors are now advancing the political debate.
in 2018, Jeff Bezos was named the 5th most influential person in the world.
Greta Thunberg addressed the UN in 2019, her campaign provoked mass global support in favor of more action to combat climate change.
NGOs, such as Greenpeace and Human Rights Watch, play a vital role in advancing a global dialogue on pressing issues.
The Gates, Clinton, and Carter Foundations work with nation-states to resolve collective dilemmas.
for example, the Carter Foundation has been responsible for the almost global eradication of the guinea worm disease.
The limits of political globalization:
nation-states still exert influence over their domestic affairs and often put their own interests before those of the global community.
nation-states can ignore the decisions of the ICJ and the ECHR, the ICJ has been condemned by Trump as having 'an unelected, unaccountable global bureaucracy'.
international treaties such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and Paris Climate Change Agreement (2015) require the cooperation of nation-states to be effective.
although UNR2P states that sovereignty is conditional, humanitarian intervention within sovereign states are rare.
Examples:
International treaties:
in 2017, the Trump administration withdrew the US from the Paris Accord.
Pakistan and India have both broken the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty by developing a nuclear capability.
National Sovereignty:
competing claims over Gibraltar by Spain and the UK
the way Russia annexed Crimea in 2014.
as China becomes more powerful it's increasingly pressing its claims on the ownership of Taiwan.
European federalism is being challenged by the rise of nationalist movements in member states such as Hungary, Italy, and Poland, highlighting the enduring importance of the nation-state.
The possession of national sovereignty, despite globalisation, still matters in international relations.
The limits of cultural globalization:
nation-states can still command the cultural allegiance of their citizens and nationalism continues to provide a powerful way of achieving a sense of group identity and belonging.
The success of Bollywood demonstrates how nation-states like India can adapt global culture to their own national traditions.
cultural globalization has created a backlash in favor of the traditional values of nation-states.
Orban's emphasis on the importance of Hungary's Christian heritage has contributed to holding his power.
in Italy, Poland, Sweden, Germany, and France, nationalist parties have achieved success by rejecting global monoculture.
in Russia, Putin has contrasted the values of the Orthodox Church with 'decadent' Western liberalism.
Although certain brands have a global appeal, this only creates a superficial culture, for example, homosexuality is a criminal offense in 73 nation-states (2019) showing how nation-states still determine their national cultural values
The impact of cultural globalization:
The spread of global brands such as Disney and Apple has helped to establish a global monoculture based on shared cultural experiences.
the popularity of global celebrities and the universal appeal of Hollywood films are further creating a homogenized world culture.
Instagram and Twitter enable celebrities to have a global following Youtube make it possible for a global audience to have the same viewing experience.
All of this undermines cultural diversity and replaces it with a uniform global culture based on brand-centered consumerism and materialism.
Globalisation and the environment:
globalization has led to world industrialization, which has contributed to a dramatic increase in global carbon emissions as coal is the main source of fuel in the industrialization of the developing world.
global interconnectivity has led to a huge increase in air travel, and plane fuel is thought to be one of the world's worst polluters.
TNCs can hurt the environment. Shell has been criticized for the environmental degradation of the Niger Delta.
globalization encourages consumerism and materialism and so contributes to increasing global waste.
globalization has lifted people out of poverty and increased life expectancy and this has led to a significant increase in the global population, putting more strain on the environment.
more intense agricultural cultivation to feed the growing population leads to desertification. Europe is increasingly facing large migrant flows from North Africa as land becomes exhausted.
However, political globalization provides a way of responding to this problem. global climate change conferences have established that climate change is a 'collective dilemma'.
in 2015, Paris Climate Change Agreement established a global commitment by nation-states to keep temperature increase in the 21st century below 2 degrees and as close to 1.5 degrees as possible.
globalization encourages the spread of ideas and innovation, in 2015, Bill Gates set up Breakthrough Energy Ventures to develop carbon-neutral energy development.
economic globalisation drives down the price of energy-saving products because they can be manufactured in low-cost countries. in 2018, China built half the world's electic cars.
the internet has provided climate change acitivsts like Greta Thunberg and Extinction Rebellion with the opportunity to inspire a global mass movement in favour of faster action on climate change.