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Developments in Africa and the Americas - Coggle Diagram
Developments in Africa and the Americas
Post cuban missile
USA suspicious of communist expansion into Americas, policies toward the Caribbean
Cuba focused on revolution wanting to stretch its influence
Angola
the Portuguese installed coalition government,made up of representatives of MPLA (supported by ussr) and FNLA (Chinese support)
June 1974 foreign intervention of Chinese for FNLA, Usa also supported them with funding and training USA wanted to undermine the MPLA.
Cuba sent military instructors to MPLA. Ideological divisions becoming very evident
Portuguese withdrew causing civil war to break out
1975 US sent 25 million in supplies and 16 million in arms to FNLA
Jan 1976 around 12,000 Cuban troops supporting the MPLA was the driving force needed to get the overall victory later in March
Proclamation of People’s Republic of Angola in November 1976 by MPLA
US failure helped to deteriorate detente, increasing pressure of superpower competition in third world
Cuban support
1970s to 1980s cuban government offered support to those fighting bring revolutionary change to central america extended to Africa in 1975, more than 40,00 Africans studied in Cuba on full scholarships funded by Cuba
offered military advisers, troops
1988 Cuban's had 52,000 in Angola, provided assistance in experts in health care, education
Cuban troops used to suppress a pro-Soviet coup by Nito Alves
weakened relations with USSR
US support
No action- avoid criticism and antagonising MPLA, and detente as USA questioned whether support of MPLA was consistent with MPLA. suggested that USA had lack of determination to counter similar communist interventions which threatened premise of detente
Intervened covertly- problems with South Africa as supporting FNLA looked like aligning with SA which was suffering an international attack over their apartheid (racial segregation)
USA denied working with SA, condemned the Africans interventions and denied any relation with conflict
President Gerald Ford had requested Congressional approval for more money to fund the operation in Angola but congress denied him, due to association with apartheid and
Soviet stance
Ensure china did not benefit from USSR's expense in Angola, soviets couldn't be seen offering less aid or being less capable than china
US and Chinese support to FNLA seen as Sino american collaboration aimed to increase influence in developing countries Angola was the driving force for this
believed their actions in Angola was in line with detente, wanted to exapnd its own influence whilst undermining influence of china and usa
offered economic, military aid combatting the FNLA
represented the first time that USA failed to counter soviet actions outside of the soviet sphere
Ethiopia
World War II Somali land given to Ethiopia, led to 1977 Somalia
invasion of Ethiopia
1974 Ethiopian Emperor overthrown by Colonel Mariam, socialist
Aimed to gain support of both Cuba and Soviet Union
Soviets initially supported Somalia however withdrew support and Castro decided to support Ethiopian revolutionary activity
Feb 1978 15000 Cuban soldiers in Ethiopia
USA felt threatened and accused USSR of using Cuba as a tool to extend its own power, damaged US-Cuban relationships greatly
Soviet union commended Cuba for their support of a socialist Ethiopia offered a "complete agreement" with cuba's policy
Moscow sent $1 billion of military equipment as well as advisers between March 1977 and May 1978
Cuban support, November Castro decided to send in troops, by end of march there were 12,000
TENSION
Threat to Detente, Carter threatened the soviets actions hurt SALT II
No international disapproval was roused in support against Soviets as they were not the aggressor
Iran
Carter deployed Vance to Tehran, assumed he would broach the Human Rights Issue, but it was ignored
1978 Shah declared martial law, Carter called shah to convey his support.
November Iranian militants storming US embassy, taking 66 americans hostage. it was a 444 day hostage crisis
Threatened Soviet Union, Islamist state right on its border, rooted this fear of Afghanistan falling into the hands of Islamic state
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
1978 Coup to overthrow President Kahn, by the PDPA (democratic leftist party), as he wasnt implementing the
socialist principles he said he would
Dec 1978 20 year "treaty of friendship, good neighbourliness and cooperation"
Reforms were resisted and religious people were arrested, created much unrest and instability
PDPA ally with USSR began to drift with a faction taking over led by Hazifullah Amin.
Soviets worried reigme was alienating Afghans and causing instability, feared Amin would align Afghanistan with US
Amin was officially a liability
USSR interest
shared a border adjoining muslim central asian republics of the ussr
didn't want it to align with USA, would make US geostrategically powerful
Brezhnev doctrine looking weak
Military intervention was best preventative measure
ensure Afghanistan remained as a buffer to protect soviet security
coincided with detente principles as an act of preservation not destruction and with Brezhnev doctrine
Afghanistan had never been apart of US security system thus was not an point of tension
Takeover
Amin killed, over 70,000 soviets in Afghanistan Dec 1979
Resistance against USSR
March 1979 100 Soviet soldiers killed by afghan army
Sep 1979 Taraki overthrown and executed on Amin's orders
Marked the beginning of the factional overpowering
US reaction, against USSR
Halted grain exports
restrictions on soviet fishing privileges in us waters
Boycotted the Moscow Olympics
1980 SALT II withdrawn from senate, not ratified
Complicated further by Iran being overthrown by anti-
American Khomeini
leave Iran vulnerable to communism creating more instability
Carter viewed the intervention as breach of international protocol
January 1980 president Carter unveiled Carter doctrine American commitment to prevent any further Soviet advance into the Persian Gulf area and Southwest Asia. Increase in Defence budget 1981, ruined any hope of diplomatic solution, Detente rested in the hands of soviet military occupation of Afghanistan, soviets would have to submit to US for diplomatic solution to be reached
Carter tried to persuade NATO alliance to suspend east-east detente, seeking complete jeopardy of democracy here
Impact
final blow in detente's existence, Relationship with USSR rested on withdrawal from afghanistan
Move away from Nixon-Kissinger position of cooperation
Soviets viewed the invasion as a happy opportunity for USA to dismantle detente and withdraw from talks, america's relations rested solely on soviet action in Afghanistan as though seeking a way out of diplomacy
Latin America
Monroe Doctrine- trying to deter Europeans interfering in North America, give us right to intervene if south america at risk
1933 Good neighbour policy- reduce military intervention Roosevelt wanted a non-interventionist attitude, renounced US right to intervene in internal affairs of other nations. Actions here defied this policy, US anticommunist policies took over
Chile
American interest in mines, US company dominated Chile's telecommunications system
sep 1970 socialist Allende received most votes in presidential elections, viewed as another Castro, thus a big threat to USA
CIA charged with covert action that would lead to a coup against Allende, failed and Allende became president
Allende introduced socialist reforms: nationalisation programme bringing copper industry (mines) under state control, jeopardised USA's interests
Economic response: withdrew all its economic aid and influenced World bank to not lend Chile money, caused inflation to increase their industry declined. Strikes took place some staged by CIA. Social unrest created an opportunity for a military coup by General Pinochet Sep 1973 Allende killed.
Allende's socialist reforms were reversed, criticism of USA as following events Allende sympathisers were killed violating human rights. Actions justified by need to defend USA.
involvement stemmed from economic interest, stopping socialist infiltration and improving conditions
Latin america was USA backyard, soviet aid to such a place could lead to soviet military bases, strong communist allies
Grenada
1983 military coup led by Coard faction, Bernard coard a marxist leader overthrew government
caused social unrest with people rising up to restore government
within this chaos US troops invaded, ensuring Grenada would not become a communist nation
underlying motivation was to protect us medical students studying in Grenada, 1,000 americans in Grenada
USSR viewed invasion as example of US imperialism, ordered Soviet negotiators out of Geneva talks.
Vast criticism received for intervention
only defence was that as said by Reagan "a soviet-cuban colony being readied as major military bastion"
there was little evidence that a pro-soviet or pro- cuban regime would be formed thus USA appeared to be unjustifiable in actions
invasion took place days after US explosion in military installation in Lebanon killing over 240 US troops, led to more criticism over military force
Nicaragua
June 1979 FSLN seized power from General Somoza, ending dictatorship
Carter viewed Sandinista government favourably, offered assistance to try and foster a democracy that would prevent a turn toward Moscow
Reagan saw them as communists, making link to Cuba
1981 USA found anti-communist group named Contras in opposition to Marxist Sandinista gov.
Contras committed human rights violations, terrorist tactics whilst receiving financial and military support from USA
US support was banned by congress, yet they continued support covertly attempting to entice allies to support Contras
US officials wagered arms sales to Iran despite US embargo on sales to Iran, profits made of this went to fun black market arms for Contras