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SPAIN: Between absolutism and liberalism - Coggle Diagram
SPAIN: Between absolutism and liberalism
The reign of Fernando VII and the return to absolutism
After the restoration of absolutism by Fernando VII in 1814
liberal military uprisings followed
And were then repressed
In 1820, troops under Lieutenant Colonel Riego
Revolted against Fernando VII in Cabezas de San Juan
And restored the Constitution of 1812
This marked the start of the Trienio Liberal
In 1833, Fernando VII died
His daughter Isabel (still a child) inherited the throne
To ensure that she would inherit
Fernando VII passed a new law before his death
The Pragmática Sanción
This replaced the Salic Law
Which forbade succession by women
This triggered a civil war between
Carlos’s supporters
Isabel’s supporters
This was the First Carlist War
The reign of Isabel II: Moderate liberalism
Because she was still a minor when she inherited the throne
She had two regents
1- Her mother María Cristina
2- General Espartero
Military victory over the Carlists
The Carlists supported absolutism
While Isabel’s supporters wanted a transition to moderate liberalism
This led to the First Carlist War
Which was won by Isabel’s supporters
Establishment of a constitutional monarchy
The absolutism of the Old Regime was disappearing
Thanks to the separation of powers
Despite the move towards liberalism
The monarchy still maintained a large portion of power
Although judicial power
was in the hands of the courts
Isabel held the executive power
Shared legislative power with the parliament
Two-party system
There were two political parties
There were two political parties
The Moderate Party
The Progressive Party
They both have different ideas
Constitutions
Two constitutions were established
The first, in 1837
written by the progressive parliament
against the regent María Cristina’s wishes
The second, in 1845
was approved by a moderate parliament
favoured by the young queen
They both included two basic characteristics of liberal system
Sovereignty was no longer exclusively
In the hands of the monarch
The inequality before the law of the society
Divided into estates of the realm
Was abolished
Series of citizens’ rights were recognised
Centralism
Despite different political tendencies
on how autonomous or centralised the new state should be
moderantism imposed a strongly
centralised government
Desamortizaciones
As a result of this process
land was expropriated by the state
to be sold at public auction
This mainly affected property that was owned
By city councils
whose power was limited
By the Church
The two main desamortizaciones
were carried out by the progressive governments
Of Mendizábal
Of Madoz
Thanks to the first desamortización
the state had the financial resources
needed to be able to fight the Carlists
Alternation in power and military rebellions
Isabel II’s regime was based on the queen’s great power
She selected the country’s prime ministers
from a group of moderate politicians
In an attempt to put pressure on the queen
progressives resorted to a military uprising
uprising was a coup d’état
supported by a combination of
Political
Military
action
Popular
After the regency period
Her reign went through different stages
The Década Moderada
Government’s position was very conservative
based on the Constitution of 1845
progressives were marginalised
recently created Democratic Party
was suppressed
The Bienio Progresista
began when a group of
progressive
troops seized power
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democratic
moderate
Attempts were made to liberalise politics
but within a context of social unrest
moderates were afraid of a revolution
the queen handed them power.
Crisis of moderantism
Moderate Party and the Liberal Union
alternated in power
opposition was excluded from parliament
The
Military
Politicians
were harshly repressed
Students
was remarkable economic growth
during the early years
in 1865, great social unrest started growing
because of international crisis
a coup d’état was planned from overseas
Pact of Ostend was signed by
Democrats
Republicans
Progressives
Liberal Union
BUT 2 years later
a military rebellion started a revolution
Sexenio democrático: democratic liberalism
Between September 1868 and January 1874
Spain had a democratic liberal regime
but severe political conflicts
hindered the revolutionary process
The Revolution of 1868
Based on the agreement made in Ostend
progressive General Juan Prim
organised the Revolution of 1868
known as La Gloriosa
Isabel II went into exile in France
the Sexenio Democrático began
In 1869, Spanish Parliament approved a new constitution
Spain’s most advanced fundamental law to date
included the principles of
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General Serrano
The democratic monarchy under Amadeo I
The Constitution of 1869 established democratic monarchy
but the Parliament did not want a Bourbon monarch
They selected Amadeo of Savoy
an Italian candidate supported by Prim
His short reign was marked by great instability
the death of Prim
assassinated in a terrorist attack
The new king abdicated
The Spanish Parliament declared the First Republic
The First Republic
were four presidents during this 11-month period
Pi i Margall
Salmerón
Figueras
Castelar
none of them managed to resolve
political disagreement amongst republicans
about the degree of federalism
state should have
