Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Fracture in The Arm - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Median nerve
        
        Ulnar nerve
        
        Musculocutaneous nerve
        
        supplies
      - supplies lateral part
      - supplies
  - - - Biceps brachii
        
        Coracobrachialis
        
        Brachialis
        
        O:Lower half of the anterior aspect of the humerus+medial and lateral intermuscular septum
        
        I:coronoid process of the ulna
        
        A:Main flexor of the elbow
        
        O:Coracoid process of the scapula
        
        I:Middle of of medial border of the humerus
        
        A:Flexion and Adduction of the arm
        
        Origin:short head->coracoid process of the scapula
        
        Long head->Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
        
        Insertion:Radial tuberosity of the radius
        
        A:short head->weak flexor of the shoulder
        
        Long head->prevent upward dislocation of the shoulder
        
        Both heads :flex elbow joint +supination of the flexed forearm
    - - Triceps Brachii
        
        O:long head->infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
        
        Medial head:Lower half of the posterior aspect of the humerus below radial groove+back of the lateral and medial intermuscular septum
        
        lateral :Upper half of the posterior aspect of the humerus above the radial groove
        
        I:Olecranon process of the alna
        
        A:extention of the elbow
  - - - Origin
        
        Is the continuation of the axillary at the lower border of the teres major .
      - Termination
        
        Opposite the neck of the radius by dividing into radial and ulnar arteries.
      - Branches
        
        Profunda brachii.
        
        Superior ulnar colllateral.
        
        Inferior ulnar collateral.
        
        Muscular.
        
        Nutrient artery.(supply blood to the bone )
        
        Terminal
- - - - Process
  - - - Process
- - - - Classification
        
        Open
        
        compound fracture: The bone pokes through the skin and can be seen, or a deep wound exposes the bone through the skin.
        
        Closed
        
        simple fracture: The bone is broken, but the skin is intact.
      - Types
        
        Greenstick
        
        Transverse
        
        Spiral
        
        Oblique
        
        Compression
        
        1 more item...
  - - - R: Rest
        
        I: Ice
        
        C: Compression
        
        E: Elevation
  - - - Fibrocartilaginous Callus Formation (week2-3)
      - Bone Remodelling (4-12 months)
        
        involves
      - Bony Callus Formation (1-4months)
      - Hematoma Formation (week1)
    - - Neuroregeneration refers to the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products.
        
        Peripheral nervous system regeneration
        
        Central nervous system regeneration
        
        It is limited by the inhibitory influences of the glial and extracellular environment.
- - - - composed of
        
        OUTER fibrous
        INNER cellular
      - functions
        
        Distribute blood vessels to the bone
        
        Important for bone growth in Width and healing
        
        Gives muscle attachment
    - - Lines marrow cavities
    - - Long bones receives blood supply from various sources
      - Metaphyses is most vascular zone of long bone
      - Periosteal vessels are just beneath the periosteum
      - The nutrients arteries will divide into ascending and descending branches
  - - - Osteoprogenitor cells - Inner layers of periosteum & endosteum
        
        Spindle shaped
        
        Derived from mesenchymal cells
        
        Differentiate into osteoblasts
      - Osteoblasts - Periosteum & endosteum
        
        Cuboidal basophilic in shape
        
        Large off center nucleus
        
        Stem cells
        
        Bone forming cells
        
        Secrete minerals
        
        Mainly found in active bones (growth and repair)
      - Osteocytes - Inside bone tissue
        
        Mature
        
        Star shaped
        
        They do not divide
        
        Form from osteoblasts
        
        Communicate via canaliculi
      - Osteoclasts - Lie at the bone surface
        
        Giant and mobile
        
        Multinucleated cells with acidophilic cytoplasm
        
        Breakdown bone (osteolysis or bony resorption)
        
        Rich in proteolytic enzymes and acids
        
        Derived from macrophages in bone marrow
        
        Needed for remodelling
    - - Inorganic
        
        65% of bone mass
        
        Made up of calcium & phosphorus mainly
        
        Provides rigidity
      - Organic
        
        35% of bone mass
        
        Made up of collagen fibers, glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans and sialoprotein
        
        Sialoprotein - glue that binds bone cells to the bone matrix
- - - - Fear of falling but no fear of the bathroom
      - Upon experiencing a terrible fall, she connects the 2 stimuli.
      - Now, fear of falling and bathroom.
      - due to
    - - Fear of falling and bathroom.
      - Repeated exposure to the bathroom, without experiencing another fall.
      - Now, fear of falling but no fear of the bathroom
- - - - classification
  - - - such as
        
        Pain management: acupunctures, massage, TENS
        
        Muscle weakness: EMS, hydrotherapy, stretching
        
        Increase ROM: stretching, PROM exercises, AROM exercises