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MUTATION - Coggle Diagram
MUTATION
CHROMOSOMAL
definition
Chromosome mutations are changes that are made in the chromosomes’ structures, therefore, instead of affecting a single nucleotide, it changes the whole genes.
The error in the cell division, due to the mutations, causes some of the sections of chromosomes to lose, duplicate, or even move to another chromosome. These simple movements of chromosome sections cause a huge difference in one’s body.
types
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Translocation. A segment of a chromosome is joined to a chromosome that is not its homologous partner.
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DNA
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types
Silent mutation.
Codon changes that do not change the amino acid. This means that changes in DNA nucleotide bases have no effect on protein structure.
Non-sense mutation.
A meaningless mutation in which the mutation changes the amino acid codon to a stop codon. The stop codon stops the production of amino acids in the ribosome, so protein cannot be produced.
Miss-sense mutation.
Mutations that change the codons of nucleotide bases and cause their amino acids to change. However, most proteins resulting from missense mutations are still functionally usable
causes
Errors during DNA replication by mutagens.
During cell division, DNA replication will always occur by doubling the DNA strands. If there is an error in the sequence and replication of the nitrogen bases that make up DNA, mutations will occur
The oxygen-phosphate bond is broken.
If the oxygen-phosphate at the base of the DNA is broken, then the bond will be connected with other DNA so that the protein that is synthesized will be different. This will cause abnormalities and produce abnormalities.
Base pair substitution
If the basic nitrogen that makes up the DNA is substituted, then the resulting DNA will not be perfect and will synthesize a different protein.
Change in the number of bases
Additions or deletions can occur to basic nitrogen, this will cause changes in the amount of basic nitrogen and cause abnormalities.
Chemicals and radiation
Radiation can break the bonds in DNA and mess it up so that the shape of the DNA changes. Chemical substances can also affect cell division and DNA, this is often applied in the world of agriculture.