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Esther Ramirez Period #5 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Esther Ramirez
Period #5
Cardiovascular System
Major Components of Blood
Composition of blood:
Connective tissue, matrix=plasma
Matrix is a non-living blood cell called formed elements (plasma); cells are suspended in plasma.
Formed elements: Erythrocytes (RBCs), Leukocytes (WBCs), and Platelets.
Erythrocytes:
are the most dense (with more weight/density)
Erythrocytes on the bottom (45% of whole blood); Hematocrit: percent of blood volume that is only RBCs
They are filled with hemoglobin (Hb) for gas transport
Function:
RBCs are dedicated to respiratory gas transport
Hb binds reversibly with O2
Formation of RBCs: this process is called "Erythropoiesis"
Production
Hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow
Regulation and requirements:
-Hormonal Control: erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that stimulates the formation of RBCs
Leukocytes:
WBCs that are the only formed element that is complete cell w/ nucclei and organelles.
Make up <1% of total blood volume
Function:
Defense against diseases by making the WBCs hyperfunction to protect the body.
-WBCs are part of the Immune system
Leukocytosis: Increase in production of WBCs, a normal response to infection!
1.) Granulocytes: Contain visible cytoplamic granules
2.) Agranulocytes: do not contain visible cytoplasmic granules (lymphocytes, monocytes).
Mnemonic to remember decreasing abundance in blood: Never Let Monkey's Eat Bananas (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophis).
Platelets:
Definition: fragments of larger megakaryocytes.
Involved in blood clot formation!
Functions:
form a temporary platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels
-Platelet formation is regulated by thrombopoietin!
Hemostasis:
Definition: fast series of reactions for stoppage of bleeding
Requires blood clotting factors and substances released by platelets and injured tissues.
3 Steps:
1.) Vascular Spasm
2.) Platelet plug formation
3.) Coagulation (blood clotting)
ABO, Rh Blood Types
Blood Transfusions: Cardio. System minimizes the effect of blood loss by:
1.) reducing volume of affected blood vessels
2.) stepping up production of RBC's
Transfusing RBC's: - ABO blood groups
based on the presence or absence of 2 agglutinogens (A+B) on surface of RBC's
Blood maay contain preformed anti-Aoranti-Bantiboties (agglutiinins)
Process to take blood out to test the components of the whole body:
1.) Withdraw blood and place in a tube
2.) Centrifuge the blood sample
3.) Separation occurs
Plasma: 55% of whole blood, least dense
Buffy Coat (WBC's & Platelets): <1% of whole blood
RBC's: 45% of the whole blood (hematocrit), most dense
Major Functions of Blood
Transport:
Delivers O2 and nutrients to body cells.
Transports metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination.
Transports hormones from endocrine organs to target organs.
Regulations:
Maintain body temperature by absorbing and distributing heat
Maintains normal pH using buffers; alkaline reserve of bicarbonate ions.
Maintains adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection:
Prevents blood loss (blood clot formation); plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation
-Preventing infection; agents of immunity are carried in blood by antibodies, complement proteins, and WBCs.
Major Functions of The Cardiovascular System
The major function of the Cardiovascular System is to properly retrieve richly-oxygenated from the lungs into the left atrium, past the bicuspid (mitral) valve and into the left ventricle. Past the aortic semiluniar valve and into the Aorta to the whole body. This blood contains highly oxygenated blood that contains nutrients, O2, hormones, and other important substances that the human body needs.
Anatomy of the heart
Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits:
Heart is a transport system
Right Side: receives O2 poor blood from tissues
Pumps blood to lungs to get rid of CO2, pick up O2, via
pulmonary circut
Left side: receives oxygenated blood from lungs
Pumps blood to body tissues via systemic circuit
Recieves chambers of heart
RIght Atrium: receives blood returning from systemic circuit
Left Atrium: receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit
Pumping Chambers of Heart:
Right Ventricle: pumps blood through pulmonary circuit
Left Ventricle: pumps blood through systemic circuit
Size, Location, & Orientation of the Heart:
Approximately the size of a fist (<1lb)
Location: mediastinum between second rib and fidth intercostal space
Base, at the top
Apex, at the bottom of the heart
Layers of The Heart
3 layers: Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium
Epicardium: visceral layer of serous pericardium
Myocardium: circular or spiral bundles (like coil) of contractile cardiac muscle cells
Endocardium: innermost layer; is continuois with endothelial lining (lines heart chambers)
Blood Flow Through The Heart and Body
1,) Deoxygenated blood travels through the superior and inferior vena cava
2.) Blood enters the right atrium
3.) Blood passes through the tricuspid valve
4.) Blood enters the Right Ventricle
5.) Blood passes through the Pulmonary Semi-lunar Valve
6.) Blood goes into the Pulmonary Artery/Pulmonary Trunk
7.) Blood goes to the bilateral lungs
8.) Highly-rich oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary arteries
9.) Blood enters the Left Atrium
10.) Blood Passes through the Bicuspid/Mitral Valve
11.) Blood enters to the Left Ventricle
12.) Blood passes through the Aortic Semi-lunar Valve
13.) Blood enters the Aortic Arch and travels to the rest of the body.
Structural and Functional Differences Between Blood Vessel Types
Arteries
Elastic Arteries: Thick-walled with large, low resistance lumen. Act as pressure reservoirs that expend and recoil as blood is ejected from the heart.
Muscular arteries: elastic arteries give rise to muscular arteries.These are called distributing arteries because it delivers blood to all the body organs.
Arterioles: Smallest of arteries. It has the control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasosonstriction of smooth muscle.
Veins
The veins carry blood to the heart. The formation begins when capillary beds unite in post-capillary venules and merge into more prominent veins.
Capillaries unite to form post-capillary venules; consists of endothelium and a few pericytes; very porous, allows fluids and WBCs into tissues.
Larger venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells.
Have all tunics, but thinner walls with larger lumens than corresponding arteries.
Tunica media is thin, but tunica external is thick; contains collagen fibers and elastic networks
BP is lower than in arteries, so adaptations ensure blood returns to the heart.
*Other adaptations: venous valves; prevent back flow of blood; most abundant in veins of limbs.
Capillaries
Microscopic vessels; have diameters so small only a single RBC can pass through at a time. Walls are just thin tunica intima; in the smallest vessels, one cell forms the entire circumference.
Beds are interwoven networks of capillaries between arterioles and venules.
1.) Vascular Shunt: channel that directly connects arteriole with venule (bypass true capillaries).
2.) Precapillay Sphincter: acts as valve regulating blood flow into capillary blood.
Supplies for almost every cell.
Functions: exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. between blood and interstitial fluid.
Cardiac Cycle and The ECG
Electrocardiography: can detect electrical currents generated by heart
ECG or EKG is a graphic recording of electrical activity
composite of all action potentials given time; not a tracing of a single AP
Electrodes are placed at various pts on the body to measure voltage differences
Major features: - P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS Complex: ventricular depolarization andotrial repolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R Interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T Segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarizaed
Q-T Interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization through ventricular re-polarization
Steps:
1.) Atrial depolarization, initiated by the SA mode, causes the P wave
2.) With atrialde polarization complete, the impluse is delayed at the AV mode
3.) Ventricular depolarization begins at apex, causing the QRS complex. Atrial re-polarizatioin occurs.
4.) Ventricular re-polarization begins at apex, causing the T-wave
6.) Ventricular re-polarization is complete
Major Blood Vessels
Aorta: The aorta is the biggest artery in the heart and in the whole body because it is what supplies the rest of the body (whole body) with richly oxygenated blood.
Pulmonary Vein: the pulmonary vein take the oxygenated blood to the heart and into the left atrium.
Pulmonary artery: transports de-oxygenated blood to the lungs to deposite the blood and retrieve new oxygenated blood.
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava: these two Vena Cava's are the ones that sent de-oxygenated blood to the heart and into the right atrium
Vital Signs
VItal signs include: BP, O2SAT, respiration rate (RR), HR, Temperature, and Pain from patients.
Vital signs are the base of an assessment for a patient.
Disorders of The Cardiovascular System
Erythrocyte Disorders:
Most erythrocyte disorders are classified as either anemia or polycythemia
1.) Anemia: blood has abnormally low O2; carrying capacity that is too low to support normal metabolism
Sign of problem rather than the disease itself
Symptoms: fatigue, pallor, dyspnea, and chills
Three causes to this: blood loss, not enough RBCs being destroyed, or too many RBCs being destroyed
2.) Sickle-cell anemia: mutated Hb
RBCs become crescent-shaped when O2 levels are low
Misshaped RBCs rupture easily and block small vessels ( = results in poor O2 delivery and pain)
Prevalent in black people of the African malaria belt & their descendants
Possible benefit: people w/ sickle cells do not contract malaria
Treatment
: acute crisis treated with transfusions; inhaled nitric oxide
Leukocytes:
1.) Leukocytes
overproduction of abnormal WBCs is known as leukemia and infectious mononucleosis
Abnormally low WBC count: leukopenia; can be drug-induced, particularly by anticancer drugs
2.) Leukemias
cancerous condition involving overproduction of WBC
if leukemia is not treated with treatment/medications, then that results in being fatal
2.) Infectious Mononucleosis
Highly contagious viral disease ("kissing disease")
Reason: high numbers in granulocytes
Symptoms: tired, achy, chronic sore throat, low fever
Hemostasis:
1.) Thromboembolic: results in undesirable clot formation
Treatment: aspirin, heparin, and warfarin
2.) Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation
3.) Hemophilia: includes several similar hereditary bleeding disorders
Symptoms: prolonged bleeding
Treatment: injections of engineered genetics
Risk of contracting HIV