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Mutation, (substitution of a single base), (insertion or deletion of one…
Mutation
Causes
Mutagen
A
chemical substance
or
radiation
that can cause
induced mutation
Chemical Mutagens
Nucleoside analog: similar to nucleotide bases and can
replace
them but with
different base-pairing rules,
causing mutation
Other chemicals can
alter the normal base pairs
to have different rules
Intercalating agents:
distorts the spacing
between base pairs, causing DNA polymerase to skip or insert nucleotides during DNA replication
Radiation
Ionizing radiation can:
cause
breaks in the DNA
backbone by forming radicals
modify
bases
Non-ionizing radiation (like UV) can cause
dimer formation
between bases
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Spontaneous mutations
can happen if mistakes occur during the DNA replication process
Definition
: a heritable change in DNA sequence of an organism
DNA Repair
Thymine dimer reparation
has many mechanisms due to many organisms being exposed to UV
Nucleotide excision repair
Direct repair
Proofreading
Mismatch Repair
Ames test
: used to check for mutation rate that happens with exposure to a compound
Types
Point mutation
Missense mutation
Conditonal mutation
Nonsense mutation
Silent mutation
Deletion or Insertion
frameshift mutation
(substitution of a single base)
(insertion or deletion of one or more bases)
Transversion
Translation