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Natalia Hernandez P. 2 Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Natalia Hernandez P. 2
Cardiovascular System
ABO, Rh blood types
ABO blood groups: based on having an A, B, both or no antigens on red blood cells; may contain anti-A or anti-B antibodies (attack)
AB blood: has no antibodies so is a universal recipient
B blood: A&B antigens; has anti-A antibodies so can only receive from B & O
A blood: A antigens; anti-B antibodies so can receive from A & O
O blood: no antigens; anti A & B antibodies; is a universal donor
Rh factor: inherited protein found on surface of red blood cells; positive or negative sign next to the blood groups
present = you're Rh positive.
Not present = you're Rh negative
A +: receive all A and O types; Can give blood products to types A+ and AB+
A-: receive types A- and O-;Can give blood products to all A and AB types
B+: receive all B and O types; Can give blood products to types B+ and AB+
B-: receive types O- and B- ; Can give blood products to all B and AB types
AB+: universal recipient; give to AB+
AB-: universal plasma donor, meaning anyone can receive AB-; receive from AB-, A-, B-, O-
O+: Can give blood products to all Rh+ types (A+, B+, O+ and AB+) and receive all O types
O-: universal donor; receive O-
Disorders of the Cardiovascular System
Heart murmurs:
abnormal heart sounds from blood hitting obstruction, indicative of valve problems
Tachycardia:
abnormally fast heart rate (>100 betas/min); possibility of fibrillation
Bradycardia:
heart rate <60 beats/min; may result in inadequate blood circulation in nonathletes but could be desirable result in endurance training
Congestive heart failure (CHF):
heart loses part of its ability to pump blood as a result of damage to heart muscle; usually results in backup of fluid into lungs
Dilaated cardiomyopathy (DCM):
ventricles strecth & become flabby; myocardium deteriorates
Coronary athersoclerosis:
clooged arteries caused by fat buildup; impairs O2 delivery to cardiac cells leading to heart beocming hypoxic
Hemophilia:
hereditary bleeding disorder, prolonged bleeding in joint cavities; treatment includes injections of genetically engineered factors
Leukopenia:
abnormally low WBC count, can be drug induced by anticancer drugs or glycocorticoids
Leukemia:
overproduction of abnormal WBC, usually clones of single abnormal cell
Lyeloid leukemia: involves myoblast descendants
Lymphocytic leukemia: involves lymphocytes
infectious monnucleosis:
overproduction of abnormal WBC
Hemorrhagic anemia
: rapid blood loss from severe wound; treated by blood replacement
Chronic hemorrhagic anemia:
slight but persistent blood loss
iron-deficiency anemia:
caused by hemorrhagic anemia, low iron intake, or impaired absorption; treatment is iron supplements
Thalassemias;
too many RBCs destroyed, RBCs thin, delicate & deficient in hemoglobin. 1 globin chain absent or faulty ; common in people of Mediterranean descent
Sickle-cell anemia:
too many RBCs destroyed, RBCs disfigured so rupture easily block small blood vessels & O2; mutated hemoglobin; people with this do not contract malaria
Thromboembolic disorders
: result in undesirable clot formation; anticoagulant drugs used to prevent such as aspirin, heparin, and warfarin & direct oral ac's
Multiple myocardial infarcts:
heart becomes weak as contractile cells replaced w/ scar tissue
high blood pressure:
aortic pressure > 90 mm Hg = myocardium to exert more force
Varicose veins:
dilated & painful veins due to incompetent valves; hereditary and other factors like prolonged standing
Hypertension:
sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg of higher; there is prehypertension stage
Hypotension:
low bp below 90/60 mm Hg; only concering when causes inadequate blood flow to tissues; assoc. w/ long life & lack cardiovascular illness
Circulatory shock:
blood vessels inadequately fill & cant circulate blood normally so tissue needs not met; hypovolemic shock from large scale blood loss; vascular shock from extreme vasodilation; cardiogenic shock, inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation
edema:
abnormal increase in amount of interstitial fluid, causes swelling; caused by increase in outward pressure or decrease in inward pressure
Peripheral Artery Disease:
arteries narrpw & reduce blood flow to extremities; causes include radiation, family history; symptoms include claudication, weak pulse, skin color change; treatment includes erterial anglopasty & thrombolytic
Endocarditis & Myocarditis:
inflammation of heart; causes include infection, rheumatoid arthritis, aneurysm; symptoms include edema, heart palpitations, chest pain; treatment includes diuretics, pacemaker implantation
Major functions of the cardiovascular system
Transport:
O2 to body cells; metabolic wastes to lungs & kidneys; hormones from endocrine organs to target organs
Regulations:
maintaining body temp by absorb./redistrib. heat; maintaining normal pH using buffers; maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system
Protection:
preventing blood loss via plasma proteins and platelets initiating clot formation; preventing infection via antibodies, complement proteins & WBCs
Major Components & functions of Blood
Plasma
matrix, nonliving fluid that blood cells are suspended in
as a layer, its the uppermost; 55%
90% water
Buffy coat:
thin, middle layer; <1%
White Blood Cells (leukocytes)
function in defense against disease
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes: mount immune responce
Monocytes: phagocytosis; develope into macrophages
Granulocytes: contain visible cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils: phagocytize bacteria
Eosinophils: kill parasitic worms
basophils: release histamine
Platelets
fragments of larger megakaryocyte; involved in blood clotting, form temp. platelet plug that helps seal breaks in blood vessels.
Erythrocytes
red blood cells that function in respiratory gas transportation; have hemoglobin that binds reversibly w/ O2
produced via erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
are anucleate so cannot grow & divide; life span 100-120 days
Cardiac Cycle & ECG
Cardiac cycle: blood flow thru heart during one complete heartbeat; Atrial systole and diastole are followed by ventricular systole and diastole
lub: closing of AV valves at beginning of ventricular systole
dub: closing of SL valves at beginning of ventricular diastole
Sequence of excitation
Cardiac pacemaker cells pass impulses, in following order, across heart:
Sinoatrial node: pacemaker
Atrioventricular node: located in septal wall of right atrium
Atrioventricular bundle: only electrical connection btwn atria & ventricles
Right and left bundle branches: two pathways in interventricular septum; carries impulsed toward apex
Subendocardial conducting network (Purkinje fibers): complete pathway through septum into apex & ventricular walls
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG): graphic record of the electrical activity of the heart
P wave: depolarization of SA node and atria
QRS complex: ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
T wave: ventricular repolarization
P-R interval: beginning of atrial excitation to beginning of ventricular excitation
S-T segment: entire ventricular myocardium depolarized
Q-T interval: beginning of ventricular depolarization thru ventricular repolarization
Anatomy of the Heart
Receiving chambers (top):
Right atrium (from systemic circuit which pumps blood to body) & left atrium (from pulmonary circuit, pumps blood to lungs)
Pumping chambers of heart:
Right ventricle (poor O2 blood thru pulmonary circuit) & left ventricle (O2 blood thru systemic circuit)
Base:
top of the heart
Apex:
lower tip of the heart
Interatrial septum:
separates left and right atria
Interventricular septum:
sep. left and right ventricles
Coronary sulcus:
groove that marks border btwn atria & ventricles
Anterior interventricular sulcus:
marks boundary btwm ventricles anteriorly
Posterior interventricular sulcus:
marks boundary btwn ventricles posteriorly
Superior vena cava:
second largest vein; returns blood to right atrium from upper half of body
Inferior vena cava:
largest vein; returns blood to right atrium from lower half of body (below diaphragm)
Coronary sinus:
enlarged vein from junctions of coronary veins which empty into right atrium; formed by merging cardiac veins (great, middle, & small)
Trabeculae carneae:
ridges of muscle on ventricular walls
Papillary muscles:
project into ventricular cavity & anchor chordae tendinae
Chordae tendineae:
heart strings; tiny white cords that anchor the heart valves to ventricular walls; originate from the papillary muscles.
Pulmonary trunk/artery:
carries blood from right ventricle to lungs
Aorta:
largest artery; carries blood from left ventricle to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.
Tricuspid valve:
right AV valve; valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Bicuspid/mitral valve:
valve between left atrium and left ventricle.
Pulmonary semilunar valve:
located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Aortic semilunar valve:
located between left ventricle and aorta
Coronary arteries
: left and right coronary arteries arise from base of aorta and supply arterial blood to heart
Cardiac veins:
collect blood from capillary beds
Vital Signs (BP & Pulse)
Blood pressure:
force per unit area exerted on wall of blood vessels; expressed in mm Hg
Measured via sphygmomanometer: cuff wrapped around arm, pressure increased until it exceeds systolic pressure in brachial artery; pressure released slowly, listen for sounds of korotkoff w/ stethscope
Systolic pressure: normally < 120 mm Hg; first sound heard when blood starts flowing again
Diastolic pressure: normally < 80 mm Hg; pressure when sounds disappear b/c artery no longer constricted
Pulse
: throbbing of arteries b/c of difference in pulse pressure; felt under skin
radial pulse most used; others include superficial temporal artery, facial artery, common cartoid artery, brachial artery, femoral artery, popliteal artery, posterior tibial artery, dorsalis pedis artery
Structural and functional differences between blood vessel types
Veins
carry blood from body towards heart; deoxygenated except for pulmonary circulation & umbilical vessels of fetus
Venules: small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into veins; larger venules have 1-2 layers of smooth muscle cells; have tunics but thinner walls w/ large lumens compared ww/ arteries; tunica media is thin but tunica externa is thick; BP lower than in arteries; contain valves
Capillaries
Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between blood and cells of the body; functions to exchange gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. betwn blood & interstitial fluid
capillary bed: interwoven network of capillaries between arterioles and venules
Arteries
carry blood away from blood; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation & umbilical vessels of fetus
walls of blood vessels
tunica externa (adventitia)-outer connective tissue layer; mostly loose collagen fibers that protect & reinforce wall & anchor it to surrounding structures; infiltrated with nerve fibers, lymphatic vessels
tunica media-middle layer, consists of smooth muscle; thicker in arteries, has external elastic membrane; Controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation
tunica intima-inner endothelial lining of vessel: endothelium & subendothelial layer (in arteries only also internal elastic membrane); allows blood to smoothly go thru
Subgroups of arteries
arterioles: smallest; flow into capillary beds via vasodilation & vasoconstriction of smooth muscle; resistance arteries because changing diameters change resistance to blood flow
muscular arteries: distal to elastic arteries; deliver blood to body organs; account for most of named arteries; active in vasoconstriction; distributing arteries
Elastic arteries: thick-walled w/ large, low-resistance lumen; Act as pressure reservoirs that expand & recoil as blood is ejected from heart
Blood flow through the heart & body
superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
↓
Right atrium
↓
Tricuspid valve
↓
Right ventricle
↓
Pulmonary semilunar valve
↓
Pulmonary trunk
↓
Pulmonary arteries
↓
Lungs
↓
Pulmonary veins
↓
Left atrium
↓
Mitral/Bicuspid valve
↓
Left ventricle
↓
Aortic semilunar valve
↓
Aorta
↓
Systemic circulation (body)
↓
Major blood vessels
Veins
Internal & external jugular veins:
neck veins, retrieve blood from brain
Subclavian vein:
clavicle vein
Brachiocephalic vein:
paired vein; begins at the place where your subclavian vein and internal jugular vein meet.
Axillary vein:
armpit
Superior vena cava:
brings blood from upper body structures to r atrium
Brachial artery:
upper arm, deep vein
ulnar veins:
forearm, pinky side, deep
radial veins:
forearm, thumb side; deep
Cephalic vein:
thumb side; superifical vein
Basilic vein:
pinky side; superficial vein
Inferior vena cava:
brings blood back from all lower structures to r atrium
common iliac vein:
formed by external & internal iliac veins
Internal iliac vein:
s drain blood from the organs in the pelvic area
external iliac vein:
continuation of the veins draining the legs
Femoral vein:
leg vein; deep
Great saphenous vein:
longest vein in your body, traveling between your foot and the top of your thigh; superficial
Arteries
Common cartoid artery:
provides main blood supply to head & neck; neck vein
Subclavian artery:
located below each collarbone, are major suppliers of blood to your neck, head & arms
Brachiocephalic trunk:
1st branch of aorta; helps supply blood to the upper right side of your body.
Aortic arch:
top part of main artery carrying blood away from heart.
Ascending aorta:
first part of aorta
Thoracic aorta:
aorta in chest
Brachial artery:
upper arm
axillary artery:
armpit
ulnar artery:
pinky side
Radial artery:
thumb side
Abdominal aorta:
aorta going thru stomach
common iliac artery:
carry blood to the lower extremities, including the legs, reproductive organs and pelvic region
Femoral artery:
artery in upper thigh
Anterior tibial artery:
carries blood to the anterior compartment of the leg and dorsal surface of the foot
Fibular artery:
carries blood to the anterior compartment of leg & dorsal surface of the foot
Layers of the Heart
Pericardium:
double-walled sac that surrounds heart in two layers
Parietal layer:
outer layer of the pericardium
Pericardial cavity:
fluid-filled space separating both layers
Visceral layer:
also the epicardium of heart wall; external surface of heart
layers of heart wall
Epicardium:
visceral layer of serous pericardium
Myocardium:
spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells; thickest
Endocardium:
innermost layer; continuous w/ endothelial lining of blood vessels (lines heart chambers)