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Crime prevention - Coggle Diagram
Crime prevention
Criticisms
Causes displacement of problem:
- spatial displacement (to another area)
- temporal displacement (different time)
- target displacement (different thing e.g. person)
- tactical displacement (same crime but a different way)
- functional displacement (different kind of crime)
only reason crime has fallen is as its so strict, oppressive & intense
causes hostility between police & communities
- left says creates military style enemy territory & community breakdown
- amplification to not cooperate, police getting more intense etc
BAME areas unfairly targetted, more police here, institutionalised racism
murder rate not down to police, but medical technology, knowledge and skills, people still shot but more likely to survive
impossible for police to not use discretion, personal biases
during 1990s, economy grew & more jobs, cannot be down to police
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Ron Clarke
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Situational crime prevention:
examine each specific location and find how to deter crime
- e.g. need more security cameras
Target hardening:
see what's being targeted and make it harder
- get into mind of rational thinking offender, make them calculate it is worth it, too hard, deters
- e.g. barbed wire
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Consensus (community) policing:
Kingsley, Lea and Young
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try improve relations, dont be hostile, build connections with community, have community liaison officer
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Wilson & Kelling
Environmental crime prevention:
trying to understand & stop why certain locations have crime
- broken windows theory, clamp down, deters
- zero tolerance policing
Zero tolerance policing:
- New York Police Department 1990s, more police on streets, zero-tolerance, removal of police discretion
- causes deterrent
- lots of money spent on this
- crime did fall, quite dramatically, still in place today, believed a success
- murder fell by 50% in less than 10 years
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Criticisms
very expensive, intervention of state costs
you cannot really solve deep structural economic problems
- e.g. if a coal mine is shut down, job creation schemes can't help this deindustrialisation
- marxists, won't solve structural inequalities