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chapter 6: war and security - Coggle Diagram
chapter 6: war and security
Military secuirty and war
national security
the ability of a state to protect its interests, secrets, and citizens from threats (both external and internal) that endanger them
In the past 3,400 years, the world has been entirely at peace for only 268 of them. Estimates of deaths from war throughout human history range from 150 million to 1 billion people. The Global Peace Index shows that by 2020 the global level of peace had deteriorated by 2.5 percent since 2008.
What is war?
war is an organized and deliberate political act by an established political authority that causes 1,000 or more deaths in a 12-month period and involves at least two actors capable of harming each other.
Types of war
Interstate war wars between states, also known as interstate wars,
intrested ion 2 reaosns
states have formal militaries—some tiny and not much more than police forces, others vast and capable of projecting force across the surface of the globe and even into outer space.
by definition, states have recognizable leaders and locations
Intrastate war : civil wars wars that take place within a state
Governments fighting over control democratic rtepublic of congo
conventional and unconvential wars
In conventional wars, the tactics are characterized by regular armies openly engaged in combat
The tactical objective is to win control of a state by defeating the enemy’s military forces on a territorial battlefield
Pure conventional warfare also employs the use of conventional weapons—weapons that are not weapons of mass destruction (such as chemical weapons, biological weapons, and nuclear weapons)—and combat actions are restricted to conventional targets (i.e., military targets)
Unconventional wars are characterized by the flouting of restrictions to focus on military targets alone, the use of weapons of mass destruction, or the use of very different types of tactics—often guerrilla tactics, which are discussed below.
In guerrilla warfare (the term comes from a Spanish word meaning “small war”), guerrilla groups hide among civilians and use strategies including hit-and-run tactics, ambushes, sabotages, and raids to attack their stronger military opponents.
In conventional war, soldiers risk their lives to protect civilians. In guerrilla warfare, civilians risk their lives to protect the guerrillas, who hide among them and who cannot easily be distinguished from ordinary civilians when not actually fighting.
asymmetric conflict—a conflict characterized by an inequality in material strength between the two sides, with one side significantly more well-equipped and technologically advanced than the other.
nonviolent resistance : deliberately places ordinary people at grave risk of harm in the pursuit of political objectives. Unlike guerrilla warfare or terrorism, however, nonviolent resistance avoids the use of violence as a means of protest.
terrorism
definition
Terrorism is political in nature or intent.
Perpetrators of terrorism are nonstate actors.
Targets of terrorism are noncombatants, such as ordinary citizens, political figures, or bureaucrats.
Terrorism involves physical harm, but the essence of terrorism is psychological, not physical. fear based violent
Cyber warfare
cyberspace includes “the entire spectrum of networked information and communication systems and devices
Cyberwarfare refers to state actions taken to penetrate another state’s computers or networks for the purpose of causing damage or disruption.
Because of the growing frequency and impact of cyberattacks, cybersecurity has become a central feature of states’ strategic actions to protect themselves at the international level.
Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) on information and communications technology (ICT).
ts purpose was to study existing and potential threats to states’ information security and to develop possible cooperative measures to address them.
Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST)One response has been the creation of groups of nonstate experts designed to manage computer security incidents.
The causes of war
realist interpretations of the causes of war
realist see the problem of war as stemming from the fact that the internatinal sysytem is anarchic. war might even be the best course of action a state can take.
offensive realilst, war is a way to enahnce states repuation
For realists, without an arbiter to resolve these disputes, a state might resort to violence to win the territory it claims as its own
War occurs because states beleive that more power leads to expectations of more influences, wealth and security. A rising power might lauch a war to solifiy it spositiuion or launch a preventive war to keep a challenger down. Whichever pattern occurs according to the theory power transition increase the likelihood of war
causes of war
Anarchy of the international system
Distribution of power in the system
Power transitions
Liberalism
democratic peace theory holds that democracies rarely go to war with other democracies.
Some theorists argue that democracies share norms of compromise and cooperation. Some theorists argue that institutional constraints exist in democracies that help to prevent them from going to war
focus on the characteristics of state and IGO .
Nondemocracies have more difficulty in building trust and decreasing uncertainty due to the nontransparent nature of their regimes.
So while there is a strong correlation between democracy and peace and strong supporting explanations, empirical evidence finds that partially democratic states tend to fight in wars most often. This is particularly worrisome to liberals as many states have backslid from democracy in recent years,
Peace maintains the prospect for continued economic benefits, something both states desire. War interrupts trade and blocks profits. Thus, states that are more interconnected by commercial institutions—and thus more dependent on one another for trade and other economic gains—are less likely to go to war with one another.
Some liberal theories also highlight how international institutions might influence the outbreak of conflict.
First, international institutions help build positive connections between states, and economic institutions, in particular, foster interdependenc
Second, states that are left out of institutions might feel threatened by the connections forged between states within those institutions, potentially adding to the possibility of conflict.
Another theory, which does not fall directly in the liberal tradition but that shares many of its assumptions, focuses on the bargaining that underpins states’ disputes to explain why we see war. This theory argues that in any dispute between states there is an underlying bargaining process.
Causes of war
Lack of democratic institutions/values
Lack of interdependence
Lack of shared institutions
constructivist
Constructivists focus significant attention on the role of identities in international relations. Identities shape a state's interests, and thus influence its foreign policy goals
The idea of nationalism has led to the creation of conflicting identities among nations throughout history. Nationalist ideas and identities can also be manipulated by elites to pursue their own individual goals through violence (i.e., war).
causes of war
Aggressive state identities
Divergent identities
Possession of belligerent ideas
PREVENTING WAR AND MANAGING STATE SECURITY
Realist Approaches to Preventing War
Power balancing
According to the theory, if power shifts, alliances should also shift to maintain the balance. But as liberals and constructivists observe, states resist giving up their "friends," even when power shifts
A balance in power is a particular configuration of power in the ir system, When the power is unstable or unbalanced, stronger states will be tempted to go to war with weaker states.
deterrence
deterrence theory post that the credible threat of the use of force can prevent violence such as war,.
for deterrence to work, states must form alliances or build up their arrsenals.
deterrence theory is a thoery that states will seek to avoid war if the cost of such a move is greater then expected gain. It assumes that nuclear weapons pose an unacceptable risk of mutual destruction so diecicion makers will not intitiate armed agression against nuclear state.
suciide terrorism has made logic of deterrence. a rise of terrorism conducted by nonsate actors apperars to decrreasee the possibilty that deterrence will work.
possible ways to prevent war
Collective security
Arms control and disarmamenttext
Constructivist Approaches to Preventing War
argue that insitituions like the EU can create and rgulate certain types of internactions that can influence the states perceptions of their identities.
states become mor socialized to different methods of interactions making war highly unlikely. few would argue that war is likely to break out between gfrance and germany
possible ways to prevent war
Socialization to cooperative norms
Changing identities
Spread of norms delegitimizing war
Liberal Approaches to Preventing War
Liberals have a atheory that imagines a world without war unlike realist. they argue that states seeking power will be led by self interest in deeper cooperations with other states. Overtime, cooperation makes war less likely.
The Collective Security Ideal
The liberal thoery posits that the benefits of peace outweigh the individiaul benefits of war, even a successful war.
if all states know that the interntainla community will punish aggression then the would be agressors will be deterred from engaging in activity,.
Japan still schacked china and USA ebven with the League of Nations
Arms Control and Disarmament
Arms control and disarmnent schemes have been the hope of libs since 1899.
In 1968, the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), was negotiated. In force since 1970, the NPT spells out the rules of nuclear proliferation—the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and technology related to nuclear weapons.
Norms regarding the legitimacy of war have also spread. For war to be legitimate, it must be either an act of self-defense or authorized by the UN Security Council. If states abide by this norm and do not just choose to enter into war whenever they feel it is in their interest, the prevalence of war is likely to be reduced.
Laws of war : sometimes war is justified here are two reaons
Jus ad Bellum
Just war tradition/ thoery asserts that several criteria can make thee decision to enter a war.
There needs to be a cause of self defense or defense of others, and a declaration of intent by a competent authority
Leaders need to have the correct intentions desiring to end abuses and establish a just peace
Using force is not illegal under internaitonal law,.
Article 2(4) of the Un chapter expliciity states that states may not use force against eachother.
teo conditions under that
Article 42 allows states to attacj another state if the attack is authorized by the Un council as necessary to maintain or rsotre internatinal peace and secuity,.
Article 51 - self defence or defense of others in the member of the UN
Jus In Bello
several qualifications
Combatants and noncomabtants must be differentiated. With noncombat proteccted from harm as much as possible.
the means of violence used most be proportionate to the ends to be achieved- the PRINCIBLE O F PROPORTIONALITY
Unnecessary human suffering should be avoided at all cost
Legitimate conduct in war
banns henious weapos like mustard gas and nuuclear antipersonal minds and cluter munitions
Cyberwarfare and just war
UN charter genreal prohibition on war is frammed in terms of a prohibition on the " threat of using force"
Cyber warefare has added a new dimention to the wuestion of " just" war. Its fucking scary
key terms
jus in bello
laws that define what acts are considered legal and illegal when fighting a war
just war tradition
the idea that wars must be judged according to two categories of justice: (1) jus ad bellum, or the justness of war itself; and (2) jus in bello, or the justness of each actor’s conduct in war
jus ad bellum
laws that deal with when it is just/legal to go to war
noncombatant immunity
a core principle of international humanitarian law (formerly, “the laws of war”) that holds that people not bearing arms in a conflict may not be deliberately targeted or systematically harmed; this category includes unarmed civilians, soldiers who have surrendered, and soldiers who are too severely injured to defend themselves