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Nationalims:independence and unifications - Coggle Diagram
Nationalims:independence and unifications
Nation and Nationalism
Before 19 century
the word Nation expressed diferent things
But after liberal revolutions it was used
to describe human communities with shared cultural traits
and that were sovereign or aspired to be by constituting a nation-state
Nationalism was influenced by different causes
Liberalism
Was important when establishing the legitimacy
of state power in national sovereignty and citizenship
Since the great monarchies were absolutist regimes
Many people felt
Liberal
At the same time
Nationalist
Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna
had organised the map of Europe
based on their interests
helping to generate nationalist aspirations
The development of liberal economy
States with
Barriers to trade
Uniform laws throughout the territory
Favoured economic growth and industrialisation
Internal markets free of privileges
The Independence of LatinAmerica
The Napoleonic invasion of Spain in 1808
Had repercussions in Latin America
The cabildos or governments in America formed juntas locales
The people demanded that these juntas be open
And not only be for the colonial authorities
The establishment of the juntas marked the start
Of the road to independence for the Latin America
There were also other reasons
such as urban development in cities, such as
Quito
Bogota
Mexico City
Buenos Aires
Caracas
Influence of liberalism
and of the Independence of the United States
on the urban middle classes
The marginalisation of criollos from power
And interference from Great Britain
Which wanted to sell its products
in the LatinAmerican market
Consecuences
Social consecuences
Criollos obtained the political power they wanted
And consolidated their economic power
Slavery was abolished in most countries
but the
Indigenous people
continued to be discriminated
Lower classes
Former black slaves
Political consecuences
The system of government in the new countries was a republic
but the military imposed itself on civil governments
This led to caudillismo
with
authoritarian leaderships
frequent coups d’éta
Economic consecuences
Spain lost its main source of precious metals
And some markets
which were supplied by products from the Iberian Peninsula
Spain’s economic dependence was replaced by
That of Great Britain
The United States
The unification of Germany
After the Napoleonic Wars
the German Confederation replaced the Holy Empire
In the eastern part
The powerful Kingdom of Prussia maintained
An authoritarian
And disciplined
Political and military organisation
To the south was the Austrian Empire
Part of the German Confederation
They had an assembly called the Diet
It was opposed to
liberalism
nationalist
Movements
In 1834 Prussia took initiative
And created the Zollverein
excluding the Austrians
this economic union
promoted economic development
encouraged the middle class to fight for unification
The revolution of 1848
frightened the middle class
German chancellor Otto von Bismarck
under the reign of William I
declared war on Denmark in 1864
to gain control of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein
in 1866
Austria was defeated at the Battle of Sadowa
He planned the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine
two French regions where part of the population spoke German
The French were defeated at the Battle of Sedan
The Prussians occupied Paris
Declaring the Second German Empire
in 1871
The unification of Italy
In the mid-19th century
the Italians felt part of a cultural and historical unit
but they were divided into many territories
To the North-west
There was an independent kingdom: Piedmont-Sardinia
Ruled by the Savoy dynasty
The rest of the north was occupied by Austria
It was the richest region
Included Milan and Venice
Naples and Sicily in the south
Formed a monarchy
Governed by the Bourbon dynasty
The duchies of Tuscany, Parma and Modena
Were located in the central area
Pope Pius IX reigned over the Papal States
With their capital in Rome
The pope had to renounce the Papal States
Was confined to Vatican City
The pontiff did not recognise the annexation
It was not resolved until 1929
With the Lateran Treaty
with different political systems
Cavour allied with the French and defeated the Austrians
at the battles of
Magenta
Solferino
In 1859
the duchies of the central area and the northern part of Italy
were added to Piedmont
Naples and Sicily were occupied
By nationalist revolutionary Garibaldi
And also annexed to Piedmont
