Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chap 4: Social Perception - Coggle Diagram
Chap 4: Social Perception
"
forming impressions of others and
making inferences of them
"
inferring causes for behaviour gives rise to sense of causal order, making us feel safe in certainty
an enjoyable process for us which
explains popularity of reality shows
Nonverbal Communication
"
process through which people communicate
intentionally
or
unintentionally
,
without using words
"
Functions
Express
emotional states
or
feelings
Convey
attitudes
or
thoughts
Communicate personalities
Facial Expressions
Charles Darwin
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
believed in the
universality
of
primary emotions
conveyed through facial expressions
nonverbal communication being
species-specific
not
culture specific
Susskind
studied facial expressions of
disgust :dizzy_face:
and
fear :fearful:
muscle movements for each emotion
are opposite of each other
Fear face
enhances perception
while disgust face
decreases it
Useful physiological responses to
fearful or disgusting stimuli
Ekman
studied decoding ability of the Fore tribe
Fores tasked with matching American facial expressions to emotional content of stories
Fores displayed same accuracy as Western subjects
Encode
expressing or emitting
non-verbal behaviour
Decode
Decoding Challenges
Affect Blends
"
one face part registers one emotion while another part registers a different emotion
"
Culture
Different implications
depends on context and other
cues such as eye gaze
Adams
decoding speed can be influenced
by eye gaze
anger --> direct gaze
fear --> averted eye gaze
Display Rules
"
culturally determined rules about what nonverbal behaviours are appropriate to display
"
Eg. Japanese cover up negative emotions with smiles and laughter
Gestures
Emblems
"
gestures that have well-understood
definitions within a specific culture
"
Causal Attributions
Self-serving
Atttributions
dorsal stratum is activated
"make
internal attributions
for successes
and
external attributions
for failures"
Factors
Perception that failure
cannot be improved on
External attribution made to
protect self esteem
Internal attribution made
and steps taken to improve
impression management
Attribution Theory
Internal Attributions
"cause of behaviour was internal
characteristic about the person"
Eg. disposition, personality,
attitudes, character
assumes the person responds
similarly in other situations
External Attributions
"cause of behaviour was something
about the
situation
"
assumes most people respond
similarly in same situation
Marriages
Secure & Happy
make
internal
attributions
for positive :check: behaviours
make
external
attributions
for negative :cross: behaviour
Distressed
make
external
:beach_with_umbrella: attributions
for positive :check: behaviours
make
internal
attributions for negative :red_cross: behaviour
Covariation Model
Consensus
"others' responses to same stimulus"
Consistency
"frequency that observed stimulus and response are observed across time and situation"
difficult to make attributions
with
low consistency
external attribution
is made
Distinctiveness
"uniqueness about person's response to stimulus"
Limitations
continue to make attributions even without all three pieces of information
react differently even if all three variables are identical probably due to
emotional state
studies show people rely on
consistency
and
distinctiveness
more than consensus
if looking from the pov of an actor,
everyone else becomes an external factor
Harold Kelley
Outcomes
High consensus
High distinctiveness
External attribution
Low consensus
Low distinctiveness
Internal attribution
Two-step process
Step 1
initial
internal
attribution
Step 2
may not occur when
trust a behaviour at face value
adjustment based on considering
situational information
Limitations
biased in favour of our identity, desired identity and what
Fundamental
Attribution Error
Perceptual Salience
situational causes are largely unknown
lack of knowledge on how situation
is interpreted by the individual
person is perceptually prominent and
becomes the focus of attention
Belief in a
Just World
tragic events are upsetting
and can happen to anyone
protect self esteem from this reality by
providing a causal explanation for these events
tend to place some blame on victims of tragic events to resolve disturbance of the event
"assumption that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people"
Bias Blind Spot
"believing others are more susceptible to
attributional biases than ourselves"
Culture
Thinking
Holistic
"focusing on object, its context and
relationships between them"
found in East Asian cultures
Analytic
"focusing on the
properties of an object"
found in Western cultures
Neuroscience
Perspective
MRI shows that East Asians work harder cognitively when actively ignoring context
MRI shows that Americans work harder cognitively when actively paying attention to context
First Impressions
Gosling
extraverts tend to decorate public spaces more to spark conversations and be more inviting
People who maintain clear separation
between private and public self keep
office or car tidy
initial impressions can be
formed in
less than 100ms
Thin Slicing
"social perception based on extremely
brief snippets of behaviour"
Power of first
impressions
Primacy Effect
"using first traits we perceive to
understand subsequent traits"
first traits act as a filter or
schema
Schemas
Eg. what is beautiful is good
characteristics tend to be associated
with other characteristics
Belief Perseverance