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fluid volume overload, references - Coggle Diagram
fluid volume overload
clinical manifestation
- Edema (swelling) in the extremities
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- Confusion or disorientation
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vocabulary
Antidiuretic Hormone
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): ADH is a hormone that helps the body regulate water balance by regulating the amount of water that is reabsorbed into the bloodstream from the kidneys.
Potential causes of fluid volume overload: Fluid volume overload can occur from excessive IV fluids, renal failure, congestive heart failure, or certain medications.
How does fluid volume overload affect the body: Fluid volume overload can cause a disruption in the normal balance of extracellular and intracellular fluid, leading to symptoms such as congestion, edema, and weight gain.
Protein
Protein is a potential cause of fluid volume overload as proteins are large molecules that can hold onto and absorb water. If a person consumes too much protein, the body is unable to eliminate the excess protein and water, leading to an accumulation of fluid volume in the body.
Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to the force of gravity. It is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).
Fluid volume overload: Fluid volume overload is a condition in which the body has too much fluid, leading to an abnormally high blood pressure, swelling, and other symptoms.
Sodium
Sodium is a potential cause of this condition, as it can lead to an imbalance in electrolytes, resulting in excess fluid retention.
Effusion
It can be caused by the accumulation of fluid from edema, ascites, pleural effusions, or excessive fluid intake.
Diffusion
Diffusion, or the movement of fluid from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration, is one of the potential causes of fluid volume overload.
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure is a force that is created when solutes move through a semi-permeable membrane, creating an imbalance of fluid on either side of the membrane. This can result in fluid shifting from the blood vessels into the tissues, causing swelling and an increase in fluid volume.
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Nursing consideration
- Monitor vital signs, including vital signs, intake and output, and weight.
- Assess the patient’s symptoms (e.g. shortness of breath, decreased urine output, and edema).
- Administer diuretics as prescribed and monitor for improvement in symptoms.
- Monitor laboratory results such as electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, and urine specific gravity.
- Monitor for signs of dehydration (e.g. dry mucous membranes, decreased urine output).
- Monitor for signs of fluid overload (e.g. dyspnea, increased blood pressure, and edema).
- Encourage rest and activity as tolerated.
Cause
- Excessive fluid intake: This can be due to excessive intake of fluids by mouth, excessive intravenous administration of fluids, or the use of drugs such as diuretics that increase fluid retention.
TREATMENT
- Diagnosis: Diagnosis is made through physical examination, medical history, imaging tests, and fluid analysis.
- Treatment: Treatment involves reducing fluid intake, diuretics, and medications to help reduce fluid retention. Surgery may be required in some cases.
- Impaired renal excretion: This can be caused by diseases such as congestive heart failure, renal failure, and nephrotic syndrome.
Treatment: Medications to improve renal excretion, lifestyle modifications, and dialysis.
- Impaired extrarenal excretion: This can be caused by conditions such as hepatic failure and cardiac tamponade.
Treatment involves increasing the excretion of drugs via the kidneys, such as loop diuretics (e.g. furosemide) and thiazide diuretics (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide).
- Increased capillary permeability: This can be caused by conditions such as sepsis, burns, and trauma.
Treatment: Fluid volume overload can be treated by diuretics and vasopressors. Example of medications: Furosemide, spironolactone, and phenylephrine.
- Decreased oncotic pressure: This can be caused by conditions such as protein malnutrition and nephrotic syndrome.
Treatment involves diuretics to reduce fluid volume and medications such as albumin to increase oncotic pressure.
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references
- Maitland, K.J., & Bellomo, R. (2011). Fluid overload syndrome: Diagnosis, management and prognosis. International Journal of Critical Illness and Injury Science, 1(2), 86-95.
- Zampieri, F.G., et al. (2016). Fluid overload in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Critical Care, 20(1), 24.
- Srivastava, V., et al. (2016). Fluid overload in the intensive care unit: An update. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine, 20(3), 153-161.